MUSIC APPRECIATION

Andy's Band Performence 2016 (FRESHMEN)

https://www.dropbox.com/sh/virkqhtt0ityz8w/AACNYHJrYHhmbwgoE2UQLAiza?dl=0

Music Appreciation

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https://books.google.com/books?id=BbDlViEku2YC&pg=PA518&lpg=PA518&dq=adios+para+siempre+decia+su+carta&source=bl&ots=bDK7eTOkNl&sig=p4NClv31aiMPfMszJl0lF8Aosz4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CD8Q6AEwB2oVChMI8Jrgvo7HyAIVD8xjCh0taAdz#v=onepage&q=adios%20para%20siempre%20decia%20su%20carta&f=false

12.          Strello: In a fuge, overlapping entrances of the fugue subject in several voices simultaneously (133) 

Please answer 

 Listening

imitates the rhythms and accents of spoken language, rather than melody

Use the same motif throughout the piece. 

Anton Webern

Music Appreciation

Palestrina  Ca. 1525 – 1594  

Ca. 1525 born in Palestrina, near Rome. 
1537 Serves as a choirboy at Santa Maria Maggiore, Rome
1544 Becomes organist at San Agapito, in Palestrina. 
1551 Appointed maestro do cappella of the Capella Giulia in Rome. 
1555 – 1566 Serves as maestro di capella first at St. John Lateran, then at Santa Maria Maggiore
1571 Returns to the Capella Giulia as maestro di cappella
1594 Dies in Rome on February Second.  

104 settings of the Mass Ordinary.  (4 to      8 voices)

375 Motets

35 Magnificent

68 Offertories
80 Hymns
49 Sacred Madrigals (for 5 voices)
more than 90 secular madrigals (for 3 to 6 voices)
1567 Published his second book of Masses
Among them Was the Pope Marcellus Mass

Pope Marcellus II died in 1555
Kept the Council of Trent from abolishing polyphony

1475 – ca. 1480 Member of the chapel of the King Rene of Anjou in Aix-en-Provence (southern France)1484 – 1485 In the service of Cardinal Ascanio Sforza in Milan and Rome. 

1489 – ca. 1495 Serves in the ducal chapel in Milan, then in the Papal Chapel in Rome. 

1503 – 1504 Serves in the chapel of Ercole d’Este in Ferrara

1504 – 1521 Provost of the collegiate church of notre Dame in Conde-sur-Escaut, in what is now northern France

1521 Does in Conde-sur-Escaut 

 Works

Utilized points of imitation

Paired Duets

Motets

Masses 

Carved subject.

Thomas Weelkes

Ca. 1575-1623 

Organist and church composer works 

1601 The Triumphes of Oriana written in honor of Queen Elizabeth who was often called Oriana.

Anthology of Madrigals
Guillaume Machaut
Cas. 1323 Becomes royal secretary to King John of Luxembourg, king of Bohemia; travels as far east as Russia before the king’s death in 1346.

1335 Appointed a canon of the cathedral at Rheims travels widely over the next 40 years serving a variety of rulers. 

1377 Dies at Rheims.

Works

Best known for the Missa de Notre Dame.  Apparently the first polyphonic setting of the Mass ordinary as a cohesive cycle. 

24 Motets

Libre du voir dit “Book of the True Poem.” 

Quasi Auto biographical

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Esther Barros-Garcia

Annotated Bibliography

Segregation A Cause Of High School Dropout For Latinos

For my research project I will be discussing the importance for Latinos to go and finish high school.  This kids also need the social capital same as the rest of the population. The Latinos students are very low or none represented in the education of high school but over represented in the legal system, explains , Maria Krysan, Michael D. M. Bader. How dreams of a child that wanted to be something important. Individuals cannot achieve connection to society due to the lack of means, with no support of the community just what the society feeds us with aspirations and reams. The expectation is high, but the means are low.  About 60 percent of Latinos high school dropouts are employed at age 19. (Bureau of labor Statistics 2007). A  about 11 percent of Latinos make high school dropouts experience imprisonment by age 34 compare. This reflects and reinforces entrenched social and economic divisions in American society and inequality for some ethics races.

Sociology of Education, Vol. 82, No. 4 (Octo., 2009), pp 368-393. (n.d.).

School Violent Crime and Academic Achievement in Chicago Sociology of Education July 14, 2013 0: 0038040713494225v1-38040713494225

Challenges the conventional wisdom about public schools  and education reform in America to became;  Top students are winning national science awards and full rides at Ivy League universities. These schools are not just good places for poor kids.

They are good places for kids, period. The rebirth of a great American school system and a strategy for America's schools / David L. Kirp.

 

Introduction: High Stakes to many schools in the area and shows how to change if we have social capital in the community. The purpose is to educate and teach, with no bias. Students and community willing to change the systems.

Muncy, R. (2001). Disconnecting: Social and Civic Life in America Since 1965. Reviews in American History, 29(1), 141-149. doi: 10.1353/rah.2001.0016

That education could prevent criminality, if the schools would promote programs for teenagers to be occupied. That there is a relationship between ignorance or lack of education and criminality.  It was publishing on Since 1965.

Muncy, R. (2001). Disconnecting: Social and Civic Life in America Since 1965. Reviews in American History, 29(1), 141-149. doi: 10.1353/rah.2001.0016.  

Accuracy: The reliability, truthfulness and correctness of the content. Is free of emotions bias and tone. It comes from American History and life.

Racial Blind Spots: Black-White-Latino Differences in Community Knowledge [Vol. 56, No. 4 (November 2009) (pp. 677-701)]. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.deepdyve.com/lp/university-of-california-press/racial-blind-spots-black-white-latino-differences-in-community-eWRawDEido

This article informs to the racial/ethnic differences in community knowledge as a contributing tool,  which residential segregation in U.S. cities is perpetuated. If whites, blacks, and Latinos are familiar with different communities, and that familiarity is influenced by community racial/ethnic composition, then these "blind spots" may constitute one barrier to integrative mobility. We address three questions: (1) Do blacks, whites, and Latinos have different community blind spots.

• http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201305150900 
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The Marx Brothers were a famous American show-business family, well known for their wacky sense of humour and slapstick comedies. They first achieved success with their improvisational act on Broadway, before going on to make several successful feature films.

Music Appreciation

When she was 18, Dion saw Michael Jackson performing on television and told Angélil that she wanted to be a star like him. Angélil's response was to order her to take 18 months off to remake her image. Dion underwent a physical transformation, cutting her hair, plucking her eyebrows, and having her teeth capped to cover up the incisors that had caused a Quebec humor magazine to dub her "Canine Dion." She was also sent off to English school to polish the language that would help her to break into the American market. When she emerged from this process, she had made an amazing transformation from teen star to adult chanteuse. The payoff came almost immediately. Her 1990 breakthrough album, Unison, was released in the U.S. by Epic Records and produced several hit songs, but it was her duet with Peabo Brysonon the theme song of Disney's Beauty & the Beast that was her true breakthrough. 

"Beauty & the Beast" reached number one on the pop charts and won both a Grammy and Academy award. The song was also featured on her second English album, 1992's Celine Dion, which launched another Top Ten American hit with "If You Asked Me To," while spawning two additional Top 40 singles, "Nothing Broken But My Heart" and "Love Can Move Mountains." During this time there were also important developments in Dion's personal life. In 1988, Angélil crossed the line from manager to romantic partner when he kissed Dion one night after a show in Dublin. Fearful that fans would find the 26-year difference in their ages unsettling, the couple kept their relationship a secret for several years. But their 1994 wedding in Montreal's Notre Dame Basilica was celebrated not only by the 250 invited guests, but by millions of fans worldwide. 
One of the hardest-working stars in show business, Dion continued to record and perform on a schedule that would kill most people. She recorded six albums between 1992 and 1996, when her album Falling into You took her to a new level of stardom. The recording was a runaway hit, winning Grammys for both Album of the Year and Best Pop Album. Another honor arrived in 1996; she was asked to perform at the opening ceremonies of the Atlanta Olympics. Dion's longest tenure on the pop charts would come the following year, however, when she recorded "My Heart Will Go On," the theme song for James Cameron's blockbuster movie Titanic. "My Heart Will Go On" became omnipresent on the radio as Titanic fever swept the world, and when it was featured on her album Let's Talk About Love, it helped propel that recording to the top of the charts. By then, Dion had the power to gather a supporting cast of stars, and the album contained an amazing collection of artists, including Barbra Streisand, Luciano Pavarotti, andthe Bee Gees. The album would win a host of awards and bring Dion a whole new world of fans. 
Her appearance on VH1's Divas Live special with Aretha Franklin,Gloria Estefan, Mariah Carey, and Shania Twain proved popular as well and helped solidify Dion's position, not only among contemporary female pop singers but historical greats like Franklin. The continuing popularity of her recordings and live performances made her 1999 sabbatical seem like a tragedy to her fans, but Dion needed a break after more than a decade and a half at a breakneck pace. In 1999, her husband Angélil was diagnosed with throat cancer. While the disease responded well to treatment and went into remission, the illness was a wake-up call for Dion, who decided to put a new emphasis on her family life and announced a temporary retirement so that she could spend more time at home and have a child. After undergoing fertility treatments, she gave birth to a son in January 2001. The Collector's Series, Vol. 1 was released during Dion's hiatus; it featured many of her best-loved songs, as well as a Spanish-language version of "All by Myself." 
Dion returned to the public eye in a big way in March 2002 with A New Day Has Come. The album debuted at number one in over 17 countries, and was accompanied by a full-scale media blitz. But Dion's greatest challenge was yet to come. Despite millions of albums sold, the adoration of fans worldwide, and the validation of her peers, Dion's success was still hampered by image problems that had dogged her since the days of "Canine Dion." While many Americans adored her, just as many snickered at her Québécois heritage and the relative unorthodoxy of her marriage. There was also the issue of her relevancy to lucrative audiences existing outside of her pop vocal constituency. To combat these issues, Dion and her management made a series of bold moves that attempted to solidify her career and ensure its continuity as she entered her mid-thirties. 
In early 2002, Dion announced a three-year, 600-show contract to appear five nights a week in an entertainment extravaganza at Caesar's Palace, Las Vegas, called A New Day. The production would take place in a custom-built, 4,000-seat theater and would feature Dion as the centerpiece of a multimedia program designed and orchestrated by Franco Dragone, the Belgian theater impresario behind the modern circus phenomenon Cirque du Soleil. The project united Dion, her label Sony Music, Dragone's production company Creations du Dragon, Caesar's parent Park Place Entertainment, and promoter Concerts West in a landmark multi-million-dollar alliance that hinged on Dion's ability to put fans in seats five nights a week for three years. In conjunction with the rollout of A New Day was an endorsement deal with German automaker DaimlerChrysler AG worth additional millions. The campaign placed Dion in a series of black-and-white advertisements promoting the stylish allure of Chrysler's line of upscale automobiles. 
The performer also recorded a brand-new song to accompany the spots. Debuting in early 2003, the campaign dovetailed into the March release of One Heart, Dion's first album since 2001's A New Day Has Come, which in turn heralded the opening of A New Day on March 25, 2003. That live Las Vegas show was documented on the summer 2004 release New Day: Live in Las Vegas, which was followed a few months later by Miracle, a collection of family songs designed as a tandem book/CD project between Dion and photographer Anne Geddes. The two-CD compilation On Ne Change Pas appeared in 2005, featuring her most popular French-language songs and a new collaboration with the operatic pop vocal foursome Il Divo, "I Believe in You (Je Crois en Toi)." A new French-language album, D'Elles, arrived in May 2007 and debuted at the top of the Canadian album chart. In November of that same year, Dion released the English-language Taking Chances and announced a tour of South Africa and Europe scheduled for 2008. She released the CD/DVD Taking Chances World Tour: The Concert, as well as the documentary DVD Celine: Through the Eyes of the World. A new French album, Sans Attendre, was released in 2012 and, the following year, her English-speaking fans' six-year wait was rewarded with the announcement of the album Loved Me Back to Life. Heralded by its hip-hop-inflected title track single, the album, released in November, featured duets with Ne-Yo and Stevie Wonder alongside a cover of Daniel Merriweather's "Water and a Flame." ~ Stacia Proefrock, Rovi


Baroque Terms
Including a composer and example.

1.               Aria: A vocal number for solo singer and orchestra, generally in an opera, cantata, or oratorio (88, 141)
Composer: Monteverdi, Claudio (1567-1643)

2.               Accompanied recitative: A half-singing, half-reciting style of presenting words in opera, Cantata, Oratorio etc.  Following speech accents and speech rhythms closely. Secco recitative is accompanied by orchestra.
Composer: Antonio Vivaldi with Orchestra (1712-1713)

3.               Countersubject: In a fugue, a subsidiary melodic line that appears regularly in counterpoint with the subject, (new material (132) or second subject that fits together.
Composer: Johann Sebastian Bach

4.               Cantata: A composition in several movements for solo vice (s) instruments, and perhaps also chorus. Depending on the text, cantatas are categorized as secular or church cantatas (149) Composer: Anna Renzi ( c.01620 - c.1660)

5.               Chorale: German for hymn, also used for a four-part harmonization of a Lutheran hymn, such as Bach composed in his cantata number 4 and other works (150)
 Composer: Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750)

6.               Concerto Grosso:  The main early Baroque type of concerto, for a group of solo instruments  and small orchestra (120)
Composer: Beethoven, Symphony N#4 in c minor complete work.

7.               Da Capo: Literally, “from the beginning” a direction to the performer to repeat music from the beginning of the piece up to a later point (141)
Composer: Robert Shumann (1840)

8.               Fugue: A composition written systematically in imitative polyphony, usually with a single main theme, the fugue (95-131)

Composer: Girolano Frescobaldi (1583-1643)

9.               Episode: In a fugue, a passage that does not contain any complete appearance of the fugue subject (132)

Composer:  Glenn Gould (1932 - 1982)

10.          Inversion: Reading or playing a melody or a twelve – tone series upside down. i.e. playing all its upward intervals downward and vice versa (133-332)

Composer: Alban Berg (1885- 1935)

11.          Oratorio: Long semi dramatic piece on a religious subject for soloists, chorus, and orchestra (144)

Composer: George Frideric Handel (1685 – 1759)

Composer: Johann Sebastian Bach prelude and fugue in C major, form the well-templed clavier, book1 (1722)

13.          Ritornello: The orchestral material at the beginning of a concerto gross, etc.  which  always returns later in the piece (121)

Composer: Antonio Vivaldi. Violin concert in G.la Stravagaza, opera 4, N#12 (1712-1713)

14.          Libretto: The complete book of words for an opera, oratorio, cantata, etc.(141)

Composer: George Frederic Handel (1724)

15.          Castrato: Male submitted to castration at puberty in order to preserve their voices in the soprano or alto range

Composer: Alessandro Moreschi (1858-1902?)

                         Mozart                         Symphony No. 40 I

                        Haydn                         Symphony No. 94 II

                        Mozart                         A little night music III

                        Beethoven                   String Quartet Opus 18 No. 4 IV

                        Beethoven                   Symphony No. 5 I

                        Beethoven                   Symphony No. 9 IV (Including Ode to Joy)

Forms:

1.          I  Sonata

 Exposition    Development                      Recap                       plus Coda (tail)

T₁ T2                                                                T₁ T₂

I IV                                                                  I

2.               II      Theme and Variations

V₁      V₂         V₃        V₄

3.          III    Minuet and Trio

 A       B           A

aba  cdc     aba

4.          IV Rondo

ABACA   movement

ABACABA

5.               Name three composers we looked at from the classical era. List there symphonic output. 

 1. Mozart                                                     41 Symphonies

2. Franz Joseph Haydn                             104 Symphonies

3.  Beethoven                                                           9 Symphonies

6.               Haydn entered a lifelong arrangement with the wealthy Esterházy   family.  What is this system called? Patronage system

7.               In 1791 Haydn took the first of   2 trips to    London.  How many symphonies came from these trips? 6 for each trip

8.               Collectively these works are referred to as?

LONDON SYMPHONY 

9.               Name Beethoven’s three period of productivity.

1770-1803                             1 AND 2 Symphony

Style of Haydn and Mozart

1803-1815                             3 TO 8 Symphonies

Works like the Erotica and the 5^th symphony Characteristics of “heroic”

1815-1827                             9                      Symphony

Loses much of its earlier tone of heroism. It becomes more introspective and tens much of its earlier tone of heroism

10.           ID which symphonies came from which period.

 1770-1803                            1 AND 2 Symphony

1803-1815                             3 TO 8 Symphonies

1815-1827                             9                      Symphony

11.          What changed did Beethoven make to the symphony?

Symphony 3

Change the minuet and trio now called SCHERZO.

The first major work employing this new style was the Third Symphony in E flat, known as the "Eroica". 

Napoléon Scherzo (JOCK)

5, 6, 7

Increased Used Of Comadisis

 Symphony 5

 Use of trombone.

Starts in C minor and ends in C major.

Use the same motif throughout the piece.

Changed from 3-4 movement without pause.

 Symphony 6

5 movements.

Programmatic titles and 5 movements.

Start in F major

  Symphony 9

Instrumental recitative to bring coral voice. First symphony with voice

Start in C minor

12.       Name an opera by Mozart we watched in class. 

 Don Giovani

Define:

13.          Recitative:

Style of monody (accompanied solo song) that emphasizes and indeed

10.       In an opera, oratorio, cantata, or other multi- movement vocal compositions, a recitative is a narrative song that describes some action, thought, or emotion. The recitative follows the natural flow of the language, and is more a speaking composition than a singing composition.

14.          Overture:

An instrumental composition intended especially as an introduction to an extended work, such as an opera or oratorio.

1.   Is the term originally applied to the instrumental introduction to an opera

2.   An orchestral piece at the start of an opera, oratorio etc.

MUSIC GUIDE:

1.       Name and describe the three types of texture:

Homophony: one melody with company

Polyphonic:  Two or more melodies at the same time.

Monophonic: one melody and one line.

v     Who wrote Sweeney Todd?

Stephen Sondheim

2.       What is the genre of Sweeney Todd?

Musical, horror, Drama.

·        Summarize Sweeny Todd:

Todd's barber shop is situated at 186 Fleet Street, London, next to St. Dunstan's church, and is connected to Mrs. Lovett's pie shop in nearby Bell Yard by means of an underground passage. In most versions of the story, he and Mrs. Lovett hire an unwitting orphan boy, Tobias Ragg, to serve the pies to customers. The tale became a staple of Victorian melodrama. It was the subject of a 1959 ballet by English composer

ü     What is a leitmotif?  It is an associated melodic phrase or figure that accompanies the reappearance of an idea, person, or situation

v     Who invented them? Wagner

How were they used in Sweeney Todd? To represent what was he thinking with the knives.

3). who did Hayden Work for?

He worked for the Esterhazy’s Family

4             What was this system called?

It was called Patronage system

5             How symphonies may do Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven write?

Haydn: 104 Mozart: 41    Beethoven: 9

Who influenced Beethoven?

Mozart and Haydn.

6             Name a contemporary of Beethoven (either period) Provide a representative work of each composer.

Mozart:  Symphony 40

Hayden: Symphony 94

7          What was remarkable about Beethoven’s symphonies?

Symphony 5

 Use of trombone.

Starts in C minor and ends in C major.

Changed from 3-4 movement without pause.

 Symphony 6

5 movements. And Programmatic titles and 5 movements. Use the trombone

Start in F major

  Symphony 9

Instrumental recitative to bring coral voice. First symphony with voice. Shill er

Wrote the text Joy of the world. Start in D minor and end in D major.

8             Approximately how many how many songs did Schubert write?

Over 600 songs.

9          Why was Symphony Fantastique noteworthy? The innovations, new waltz, 5 movement influence by Beethoven, fixed idea. Represented by Harriet Smiths

Who wrote it? Berlioz

10.      Who influenced Wagner?

Beethoven

11.     Name a contemporary of Wagner.

Franz Liszt: Symphony Fantastique

Verdi:  La Travolta

12.     In addition to composing the music for these works, what else did Wagner do for them?

Wrote the Librettos

A Festival House

His Own Opera House, that Still In Existence until these Day.

13.     Who did Wagner influence?   Debussy and Strauss.

       Debussy decided to go the opposite direction.

14.      Nietzsche overtly influenced what work by Strauss?

Zarathustra.

15.      Who influenced Debussy?

Wagner.

16.      Debussy’s work invokes what type of atmosphere?

Misty atmosphere.

Debussy and Ravel are forever linked under the name of French Impressionism.

17.      Who make up the first Viennese School?

Mozart, Hayden, Beethoven.

18.        Who made up the second Viennese School?

Arnold Schoenberg.

Al ban Berg

Anton Webern

19.        Who made up the Expressionist movement?

Arnold Schoenberg.

Al ban Berg

20.        Who wrote Pierrot Lunarie?

Arnold Schoenberg.

What new Techniques does this piece use?

A tonal Piece.

21.        Who wrote the Cantata for narrator, a survivor from Warsaw?

        Arnold Schoenberg, in 1947

22.         Who invented 12 tone music?

        Arnold Schoenberg invented the 12-tone music technique

23.        Stravinsky had how many periods of productivity?

        Threw periods of productivity.

        What are they?

        Russia: 1908-1919

        Neoclassical: 1920-1954

        Serial Period: 1955-1968

24.        At what works premiere was there a riot?

Rite Spring

25.        Why was the Rite of Spring noteworthy?

        Multiple rhythms, new style of dramas

26.        What was the first atonal opera called?

        Wozzeck

        Who rote it?

Arnold Schoenberg.

Al ban Berg

Anton Webern

27.        What was the first 12-tone opera called?

Lulu

        Who wrote it.

Al ban Berg.

Opera Don Giovanni

           It was a good idea to go to the conference, before the play. The conference was conducted by Larry Hancock the General Manager of the San Jose Opera. His presentation of the overview of the history of opera was very informative and very detailed. Apparently, he was an instructor in music appreciation, and music theory. He explained to the audience what we will expect from this play.

           The explanation of the work of Don Giovanni, I understood that the story is about the opera or comedy Don Giovanni. Shown as the main character in a dangerous game of seduction, how arrogant nobleman Don Giovanni seduces every woman that he met in his life, traveling in different countries, and with the help of his servant keeping record the many woman he had sex, but this was done with the help of an assistant Leporello which kept track of the business of his master and the list is long, for example 1,003 women who had sex in Spain (only in Spain), not to mention other countries.

           Don Giovanni or Don Juan did not know of respect, morals, or values. At the end Elvira one of the many women Don Giovanni betrays makes a last desperate attempt to persuade him to change his life, but she could not. Suddenly you see the figure of the commander insists to change his life to Don Giovanni, but it is impossible, he does not want to change. Finally Elvira, Anna, Ottavio, Zerlina, Masetto, and Leporello (his servant) appear, contemplating his future and the fate of Don Giovanni, eventually somebody killed him. It was a very interesting play.

Works

Known for flawless part writing exemplified in Graddus and Parnassum by Fux, in 1725, Palestrina was known for his perfection of polyphony.

  Josquin

Ca.1450 – 1521

 Born in what is now northern France or Belgium, possibly in Saint-Quitin

• 
  

• Ca. 1300 – 1377

   Ca. 1300 Born in northern France, Possibly Rheims. 

o    Many songs and letters were written for a young woman named Peronne d’Armentieres who Machaut fancied later in his life.

 Hildegard von Bingen  

o    1098-1179

o    ·     1098 Born in Bermersheim near Worms (now western Germany)

o    ·     1106 Enters a Benedictine convent

o         1136 Becomes prioress of the abbey of St. Disibod in Diessenberg

o        1147 Establishes a new convent on the Rupertsberg, within the bishopric of Mainz 

o       Finishes her decade-long work on ‘Scivias’ (know the ways) a manuscript that     records and interprets her visions

    Dies on September 17th at her convent in Rupertsberg. 

   Works ‘Ordo Virtotum’ Play of Virtues

 Sequences

AUDIO BOOKS JOURNAL, NEWS  EDUCATION, The news   Online Library  you want to READ!  

Whom the web works. Once you get in the internet, to any links (the invisible 57 signals they look at your searches. Called the “filter bubbles” it depends what you are looking at in the internet. The internet wants us to see what they want us to see, not what you need to see. Unique information, you do not decide what to see or learn. These personal filters can end up with junk information. The gate keeps who control the information like “algorithmic.”

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Example: 

 Relevance: Students are the intended audience, the information is appropriate level. Very comfortable and understandable, plain English which is good to understand.  Authority: The source of the information.

Is the information  Purpose: The reason the information exists.

The purpose is it to inform, teach.

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Page 1. " Thursday has become an oasis of luxe et volupté. " 

by helena1972 

Henri Matisse, Luxe, calme et volupté, 1904 - Credit: Sharon Mollerus

The words luxe et volupté are recognisable from the French artist, Henri Matisse's painting, Luxe, calme et volupté completed in 1904. The title comes from a line in Charles Baudelaire's poem, L'invitation au voyage, first published in 1857 in the controversial collection of his poetry, Fleurs du Mal. In the poem he talks of a utopia fired by the senses where all around is 'luxury, peace and pleasure'.

In Disgrace, Baudelaire is one of the poets featured on the Romantic Poetry module taught by David Lurie.

To read the poem in its original French, followed by four alternative English translations, click here.

Page 2. " It is a rule, like the Rule of St Benedict. "

by helena1972 

St Benedict delivering his rule to the monks of his order - Credit: Wikicommons

In the opening section of the novel, when Lurie describes how he chooses to live according to the dictates of his temperament, he refers to this rule written in the sixth century.

Devised by the Italian Abbot, Benedict of Nursia, it provides a guide to a monastic way of life. Widely followed by monastic communities, the rule is still regarded as the seminal work detailing how monks should live and the core values anyone committed to a religious lifestyle ought to embrace.

Page 2. " he has not forgotten the last chorus of Oedipus: call no man happy until he is dead. "

by helena1972 

Oedipus And Antigone (The Plague Of Thebes), Charles François Jalabert, 1842

The words David recalls are taken from the end of Sophocles' Greek tragedy, Oedipus the King, based on the mythical King of Thebes, who fulfilled his destiny by murdering his father and marrying his mother. The play charts the downfall of Oedipus, as in his efforts to banish a plague from Thebes, he tries and ultimately fails to thwart the fate the gods have trust upon him.

The entire text of the play is available online, here.

The name Oedipus has been very famously associated with The Oedipus Complex, a theory developed by Sigmund Freud which deals with a son's unconscious need for the exclusive love of his mother and subsequent desire to take their father's place with the mother. For a strictly lighthearted take on the Oedipus legend and the complex it provided inspiration for, see the video.

Page 3. " No doubt with other men she becomes another woman: la donna è mobile

by helena1972 

Brano da Rigoletto (songs from Rigoletto), Giuseppe Verdi - Credit: Hans Thijs

La donna è mobile (woman is flighty/fickle) is one of the most well-known arias in the world and is sung by the tenor voice of Duke of Mantua, in Giuseppe Verdi's opera, Rigoletto. In the song the Duke laments the fickleness of women, while recognising he can't live without them. The words can be regarded as ironic, in the context of the story, as it's the character of the Duke who is shown flitting from woman to woman as he seeks to satisfy his own desires.

To listen to the piece sung by Luciano Pavarotti, on Spotify, click here.

Page 3. " he has been, since Classics and Modern Languages were closed down as part of the great rationalization, adjunct professor of communications. "

by helena1972 

In apartheid South Africa, education had often found itself the subject to apartheid legislation. For example, the Bantu Education Act of 1953 was designed to deliver education appropriate to the "nature and requirements of the black people," while universities, such as the one David taught at, would have come under the scope of the Extension of University Education Act of 1959, which aimed to create separate higher education institutions based on race classification. Even when these acts were repealed in 1979 and 1988 respectively, South African education was still organised along traditionally race lines; a process that did not begin to change until the dismantling of apartheid.

Once apartheid was abolished, and a new government put in place, an overhaul of the education system was undertaken aimed at meeting the needs of all South African students. In order to facilitate this process, an agreement was reached between government and teacher unions, which would enable the rationlization and redeployment of teaching roles, according to both geographical and subject related requirements. The fate suffered by David, as a result of departmental closure and a shifting emphasis towards new subject areas, was a fate shared by many teachers in higher educational institutions, as they were forced to come to terms with the changing educational needs of post apartheid South Africa.

This video looks at the role of education in the reconciliation process in South Africa.

Page 4. " he has been playing with the idea of a work on Byron "

by helena1972 

Portrait of Lord Byron in Albanian dress,Thomas Phillips, c.1835

This is the first mention of Lord George Gordon Byron, a figure who features prominently throughout the book as David sets about combining his passions for music and romantic poetry into a chamber opera about the poet.

An extremely controversial figure, Byron had a relentless sexual appetite. He is certainly a character David seems to identify with, even if his own sexual adventures seem positively amateurish by comparison. Byron's hundreds of conquests included men, women, underage girls and his half-sister. In the documentary The Scandalous Adventures of Lord Byron, the poet was  described as Britain's 'first international celebrity' due to the attention his exploits attracted. Women were said to swoon at the mere sight of him, although as he grew older he became fat and bloated, probably due to the excesses of his lifestyle.

 

Lord Byron his Death Bed, Joseph Dennis Odevaere 

Byron produced a fascinating body of work, and often used poetry to challenge people's preconceptions of morality. Always politically motivated, Byron supported the Luddites in the House of Lords. When he died at the age of 36 he was in the midst of organising forces to attack a Turkish-held fortress, in a bid to secure Greek independence from the Ottoman Empire.

Page 5. " He thinks of Emma Bovary, coming home sated, glazen-eyed from an afternoon of reckless fucking. "

by helena1972 

Madame Bovary, Gustave Flaubert - Credit: Chris Drumm

Emma Bovary, is the main character in Gustave Flaubert's novel, Madame Bovary. Impulsive and passionate, Emma fails to find satisfaction in marriage and motherhood and seeks excitement through adulterous affairs. When the book was first released in 1857, Flaubert and his publisher were put on trial for obscenity, but acquitted, and the novel went on to become a bestseller.

In an interesting parallel with Disgrace, Emma goes to meet her lover, Leon, every Thursday, which is also the pre-arranged day for David's assignations with Soraya.

Madame Bovary can be read online via this link.

Page 9. " At what age, he wonders, did Origen castrate himself? "

by helena1972 

Origen - Credit: wikicommons

Origen, born in Alexandria in 185AD, went on to become a prominent theologian and philosopher, whose writings exercised great influence on early Christian thought. It is widely rumoured (largely based on the word of the Roman historian, Eusebius) that Origen castrated himself in his youth, so he could teach women their catechism free from the risk of scandal. Eusebius claimed the castration took place because Origen took the passage in Matthew 19:12 literally. Although there is no definitive evidence Origen's castration happened, many scholars claim self-castration was a feature of early Christianity.

Page 13. " For as long as he can remember, the harmonies of The Prelude have echoed within him. "

by helena1972 

The River Derwent, Cockermouth, Lake District - Credit: Ann Hodgson

Wordsworth's home, Rydal Mount, Cumbria - Credit: Marion Dutcher

At the age of twenty eight, William Wordsworth began work on an untitled autobiographical poem about the growth of a poet's mind. It wasn't published until after his death in 1850, under the title of The Prelude, a name chosen by his widow, Mary.

Wordsworth was brought up in one of the most scenic areas of England, the Lake District, and his relationship with nature would prove hugely influential in his poetic work. The excerpt from the documentary discusses the influence of nature on Wordsworth, with particular reference to The Prelude.

The entire text of The Prelude, Books 1-44 is available here.

Page 14. " It's a film by a man named Norman McLaren. "

by helena1972 

The film David watches with Melanie is Pax de Deux, released in 1968. The short film was the subject of critical acclaim and won Norman McLaren the BAFTA for Best Animated Film in 1969.

The film can be watched in full on the Film Board of Canada's website, here.

Page 16. " From fairest creatures we desire increase "

by helena1972 

This quote is the first line from Shakespeare's Sonnet 1.

Although David speaks these words to Melanie as part of his attempt to seduce her, the sonnet was actually thought to be written with the intention of persuading a young man to marry and reproduce, so that beauty would not die out . The man in question is believed to be Henry Wriothesley, a patron of Shakespeare.

Page 19. " After the storm he thinks: straight out of George Grosz. "

by helena1972 

Book Cover by George Grosz, 1923 - Credit: 50 Watts

George Grosz was an artist best known for his savage caricatures of German life during the era of the Weimar Republic.

As the Nazi party began to rise to prominence in Germany, Grosz left with his family for the United States in 1933 and became a full citizen of the country five years later. However, after growing disillusioned with his 'new start' in America, he returned to Germany in the late fifties. He died after accidentally falling down some stairs in 1959.

Page 23. " We don't have the Alps in this country, but we have the Drakensberg, or on a smaller scale Table Mountain " 

by helena1972 

The Alps is a mountain range streching over 700 miles through several European countries including France, Switzerland, Italy, Austria and Serbia. They are well known for having some of the most breathtaking scenery in the world. Wordsworth's passage across the vast mountain range is the subject of Book 6 of The Prelude, Cambridge and the Alps, discussed in some deatail in Disgrace (pages 21-23).

The Drakensberg (Dragon Mountains) is the highest mountain range in Southern Africa, rising to 11,424 feet at its highest point.

Table Mountain is a mountain, overlooking the bay in Cape Town. It's 3,558 feet above sea level.

Mont Blanc - Credit: Zulu/wikicommons

Mont Blanc, the highest mountain range in The Alps. Its peak is 15,782 feet above sea level.

Drakensberg Mountains - Credit: Dekokerd

The Drankensberg Mountaings in Kwa Zulu Natal, South Africa

Table Mountain - Credit: Salimfadhley

A view of Table Mountain, South Africa taken from Kirstenbosh Botanical Gardens, near Cape Town.

Page 24. " A more Marx Brothers atmosphere. "

by helena1972 

The Marx Brothers

Although there were five brothers, Groucho, Chico and Harpo were the ones who enjoyed the most enduring success, as they continued working together after the other two (Gummo and Zeppo) left the act. The photo shows from top to bottom: Zeppo, Harpo, Groucho and Chico.

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• Baroque Terms
  Including a composer and example.
  
  
  1.               Aria: A vocal number for solo singer and orchestra, generally in an opera, cantata, or oratorio (88, 141)
  Composer: Monteverdi, Claudio (1567-1643)
  
  
  2.               Accompanied recitative: A half-singing, half-reciting style of presenting words in opera, Cantata, Oratorio etc.  Following speech accents and speech rhythms closely. Secco recitative is accompanied by orchestra.
  Composer: Antonio Vivaldi with Orchestra (1712-1713)
  
  
  3.               Countersubject: In a fugue, a subsidiary melodic line that appears regularly in counterpoint with the subject, (new material (132) or second subject that fits together.
  Composer: Johann Sebastian Bach
  
  
  4.               Cantata: A composition in several movements for solo vice (s) instruments, and perhaps also chorus. Depending on the text, cantatas are categorized as secular or church cantatas (149) Composer: Anna Renzi ( c.01620 - c.1660)
  
  
  5.               Chorale: German for hymn, also used for a four-part harmonization of a Lutheran hymn, such as Bach composed in his cantata number 4 and other works (150)
   Composer: Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750)
  
  
  6.               Concerto Grosso:  The main early Baroque type of concerto, for a group of solo instruments  and small orchestra (120)
  Composer: Beethoven, Symphony N#4 in c minor complete work.
  
  
  7.               Da Capo: Literally, “from the beginning” a direction to the performer to repeat music from the beginning of the piece up to a later point (141)
  Composer: Robert Shumann (1840)
  
  
  8.               Fugue: A composition written systematically in imitative polyphony, usually with a single main theme, the fugue (95-131)
  Composer: Girolano Frescobaldi (1583-1643)
  
  
  9.               Episode: In a fugue, a passage that does not contain any complete appearance of the fugue subject (132)
  Composer:  Glenn Gould (1932 - 1982)
  
  
  10.          Inversion: Reading or playing a melody or a twelve – tone series upside down. i.e. playing all its upward intervals downward and vice versa (133-332)
  Composer: Alban Berg (1885- 1935)
  
  
  11.          Oratorio: Long semi dramatic piece on a religious subject for soloists, chorus, and orchestra (144)
  Composer: George Frideric Handel (1685 – 1759)
  
  
  12.          Strello: In a fuge, overlapping entrances of the fugue subject in several voices simultaneously (133)
  Composer: Johann Sebastian Bach prelude and fugue in C major, form the well-templed clavier, book1 (1722)
  
  
  13.          Ritornello: The orchestral material at the beginning of a concerto gross, etc.  which  always returns later in the piece (121)
  Composer: Antonio Vivaldi. Violin concert in G.la Stravagaza, opera 4, N#12 (1712-1713)
  
  
  14.          Libretto: The complete book of words for an opera, oratorio, cantata, etc.(141)
  Composer: George Frederic Handel (1724)
  
  
  15.          Castrato: Male submitted to castration at puberty in order to preserve their voices in the soprano or alto range
  Composer: Alessandro Moreschi (1858-1902?)
  Please answer the following in complete sentences.  Back up your thoughts with examples from the book/lectures.
   Listening
                           Mozart                         Symphony No. 40 I

                          Haydn                         Symphony No. 94 II

                          Mozart                         A little night music III

                          Beethoven                   String Quartet Opus 18 No. 4 IV

                          Beethoven                   Symphony No. 5 I

                          Beethoven                   Symphony No. 9 IV (Including Ode to Joy)
  Forms:
  1.          I  Sonata
   Exposition    Development                      Recap                       plus Coda (tail)
  T₁ T2                                                                T₁ T₂
  I IV                                                                  I
  2.               II      Theme and Variations
  V₁      V₂         V₃        V₄
  3.          III    Minuet and Trio
   A       B           A
  aba  cdc     aba
  4.          IV Rondo
  ABACA   movement
  ABACABA
  5.               Name three composers we looked at from the classical era. List there symphonic output. 
   1. Mozart                                                     41 Symphonies
  2. Franz Joseph Haydn                             104 Symphonies
  3.  Beethoven                                                           9 Symphonies
  
  
  6.               Haydn entered a lifelong arrangement with the wealthy Esterházy   family.  What is this system called? Patronage system
  
  
  
  
  7.               In 1791 Haydn took the first of   2 trips to    London.  How many symphonies came from these trips? 6 for each trip
  
  
  8.               Collectively these works are referred to as?
  LONDON SYMPHONY 
  9.               Name Beethoven’s three period of productivity.
  1770-1803                             1 AND 2 Symphony
  Style of Haydn and Mozart
  
  
  1803-1815                             3 TO 8 Symphonies
  
  
  Works like the Erotica and the 5^th symphony Characteristics of “heroic”
  1815-1827                             9                      Symphony
  
  
  Loses much of its earlier tone of heroism. It becomes more introspective and tens much of its earlier tone of heroism
  
  
  10.           ID which symphonies came from which period.
   1770-1803                            1 AND 2 Symphony
  1803-1815                             3 TO 8 Symphonies
  1815-1827                             9                      Symphony
  11.          What changed did Beethoven make to the symphony?
  
  
  Symphony 3
  
  
  Change the minuet and trio now called SCHERZO.
  The first major work employing this new style was the Third Symphony in E flat, known as the "Eroica". 
  Napoléon Scherzo (JOCK)
  5, 6, 7
  Increased Used Of Comadisis
  
  
   Symphony 5
   Use of trombone.
  Starts in C minor and ends in C major.
  Use the same motif throughout the piece.
  Changed from 3-4 movement without pause.
   Symphony 6
  5 movements.
  Programmatic titles and 5 movements.
  Start in F major
    Symphony 9
  Instrumental recitative to bring coral voice. First symphony with voice
  Start in C minor
  12.       Name an opera by Mozart we watched in class. 
   Don Giovani
  Define:
  13.          Recitative:
  Style of monody (accompanied solo song) that emphasizes and indeed imitates the rhythms and accents of spoken language, rather than melody
  10.       In an opera, oratorio, cantata, or other multi- movement vocal compositions, a recitative is a narrative song that describes some action, thought, or emotion. The recitative follows the natural flow of the language, and is more a speaking composition than a singing composition.
  
  
  14.          Overture:
  An instrumental composition intended especially as an introduction to an extended work, such as an opera or oratorio.
  1.   Is the term originally applied to the instrumental introduction to an opera
  2.   An orchestral piece at the start of an opera, oratorio etc.
  
  
  
  
  MUSIC GUIDE:
  
  
  1.       Name and describe the three types of texture:
  Homophony: one melody with company
  Polyphonic:  Two or more melodies at the same time.
  Monophonic: one melody and one line.
  v     Who wrote Sweeny Todd?
  Stephen Sondheim
  2.       What is the genre of Sweeney Todd?
  Musical, horror, Drama.
  ·        Summarize Sweeny Todd:
  Todd's barber shop is situated at 186 Fleet Street, London, next to St. Dunstan's church, and is connected to Mrs. Lovett's pie shop in nearby Bell Yard by means of an underground passage. In most versions of the story, he and Mrs. Lovett hire an unwitting orphan boy, Tobias Ragg, to serve the pies to customers. The tale became a staple of Victorian melodrama. It was the subject of a 1959 ballet by English composer
  ü     What is a leitmotif?  It is an associated melodic phrase or figure that accompanies the reappearance of an idea, person, or situation
  v     Who invented them? Wagner
  How were they used in Sweeny Todd? To represent what was he thinking with the knives.
  3). who did Hayden Work for?
  He worked for the Esterhazy’s Family
  4             What was this system called?
  It was called Patronage system
  5             How symphonies may do Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven write?
  Haydn: 104 Mozart: 41    Beethoven: 9
  Who influenced Beethoven?
  Mozart and Haydn.
  6             Name a contemporary of Beethoven (either period) Provide a representative work of each composer.
  Mozart:  Symphony 40
  Hayden: Symphony 94
  7          What was remarkable about Beethoven’s symphonies?
  Symphony 5
   Use of trombone.
  Starts in C minor and ends in C major.
  Use the same motif throughout the piece.
  Changed from 3-4 movement without pause.
   Symphony 6
  5 movements. And Programmatic titles and 5 movements. Use the trombone
  Start in F major
    Symphony 9
  Instrumental recitative to bring coral voice. First symphony with voice. Shiller
  Wrote the text Joy of the world. Start in D minor and end in D major.
  8             Approximately how many how many songs did Schubert write?
  Over 600 songs.
  9          Why was Symphony Fantastique noteworthy? The innovations, new waltz, 5 movement influence by Beethoven, fixed idea. Represented by Harriet Smiths
  Who wrote it? Berlioz
  10.      Who influenced Wagner?
  Beethoven
  11.     Name a contemporary of Wagner.
  Franz Liszt: Symphony Fantastique
  Verdi:  La Travolta
  12.     In addition to composing the music for these works, what else did Wagner do for them?
  Wrote the Librettos
  A Festival House
  His Own Opera House, that Still In Existence until these Day.
  
  
  13.     Who did Wagner influence?   Debussy and Strauss.
         Debussy decided to go the opposite direction.
  14.      Nietzsche overtly influenced what work by Strauss?
  Zarathustra.
  15.      Who influenced Debussy?
  Wagner.
  16.      Debussy’s work invokes what type of atmosphere?
  Misty atmosphere.
  Debussy and Ravel are forever linked under the name of French Impressionism.
  17.      Who make up the first Viennese School?
  Mozart, Hayden, Beethoven.
  18.        Who made up the second Viennese School?
  Arnold Schoenberg.
  Aban Berg
  Anton Webern
  19.        Who made up the Expressionist movement?
  Arnold Schoenberg.
  Aban Berg
  Anton Webern
  20.        Who wrote Pierrot Lurarie?
  Arnold Schoenberg.
  What new Techniques does this piece use?
  A tonal Piece.
  21.        Who wrote the Cantata for narrator, a survivor from Warsaw?
          Arnold Schoenberg, in 1947
  22.         Who invented 12 tone music?
          Arnold Schoenberg invented the 12-tone music technique
  23.        Stravinsky had how many periods of productivity?
          Threw periods of productivity.
          What are they?
          Russia: 1908-1919
          Neo classical: 1920-1954
          Serial Period: 1955-1968
  24.        At what works premiere was there a riot?
  Rite Spring
  25.        Why was the Rite of Spring noteworthy?
          Multiple rhythms, new style of dramas
  26.        What was the first atonal opera called?
          Wozzek
          Who rote it?
  Arnold Schoenberg.
  Alban Berg
  Anton Webern
  27.        What was the first 12-tone opera called?  Lulu
          Who wrote it?  Alban Berg.