OCEANOGRAPHY

http://nebula2.deanza.edu/~bridget/OCEN100/LecSlides/IntroOcenSlides.pdf

http://nebula2.deanza.edu/~bridget/GEOL100/LecSlides/EarthInteriorSlides.pdf

http://nebula2.deanza.edu/~bridget/GEOL100/LecSlides/PlatesSlides.pdf

http://nebula2.deanza.edu/~bridget/OCEN100/LecSlides/MarginsBasinsSlides.pdf

http://video.pbs.org/video/1218652893/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FqT1g2riQ30#t=11

http://video.pbs.org/video/1218652893/


http://www.learner.org/resources/series78.html


http://nebula2.deanza.edu/~bridget/OCEN100/LecSlides/SedimentsSlides.pdf



http://nebula2.deanza.edu/~bridget/OCEN100/LecSlides/WaterSlides.pdf



http://nebula2.deanza.edu/~bridget/OCEN100/LecSlides/AtmCircSlides.pdf



http://nebula2.deanza.edu/~bridget/OCEN100/LecSlides/OcenCircSlides.pdf


http://nebula2.deanza.edu/~bridget/OCEN100/LecSlides/WavesSlides.pdf


http://nebula2.deanza.edu/~bridget/OCEN100/LecSlides/TidesSlides.pdf

http://nebula2.deanza.edu/~bridget/OCEN100/LecSlides/CoastlinesSlides.pdf

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/08/130828092312.htm
http://www.nbcmontana.com/news/scientists-report-yellowstone-supervolcano-bigger-than-previously-thought/26894932
http://www.easyreadernews.com/85554/shark-attack-manhattan-beach-pier/
http://www.livescience.com/7042-ancient-people-kelp-highway-america-researcher.html

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/11/091111092049.htm

GFPs in Action: Immunofluorescence Microscopy of a Chicken tracing anti-GFP antibody

Scientists studying amphioxus expect these kind of tests to soon become 5 times more reliable!

   In nature Amphioxus utilize fluorescence as a sunscreen, natural antioxidant and also for photo-sensing. US Air Force researchers have commented that understanding this brighter form of fluorescence can lead to biotech uses of fluorescence that would have much better "signal to noise" ratios due to the much clearer signals that researchers will be able to observe. Better biotech means more lives saved... All from studying marine invertebrates who spend most of their lives buried in the sand.

Article about the Scripps Oceanographers' July 1st breakthrough:

http://sdnews.com/view/full_story/25373459/article-Scripps-scientists-move-in-on-secrets-behind-animals--natural-glow?

New Research Gives Biotech the "Green Light":

http://www.bioresearchonline.com/doc/new-research-could-give-green-light-to-biotech-advancement-0001

Research Article about Corals that Produce GFPs:

http://www.aslo.org/lo/toc/vol_48/issue_1_part_2/0402.html

http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/microplastic-waste-this-massive-tiny-threat-to-sea-life-is-now-in-every-ocean-9602430.html

http://www.nrdc.org/globalWarming/f101.asp?gclid=CNu8kevqu78CFRBhfgod2FUANg

While we know so much more about earthquakes than we did just 30 years ago, we obviously have a lot more to learn about them and this study proves that.  Imagine being able to have the ability to predict earthquakes, do you think it could happen in a generation or two?
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/14/health/14stats.html

http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-supermoon-2014-high-tides-20140711-story.htmlhttp://ice.ucdavis.edu/invasives/home/species

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/07/140710141626.htm

http://homeguides.sfgate.com/ways-reducing-greenhouse-gas-levels-79295.html

http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/04/02/a-lot-of-earthquakes-have-been-reported-lately-but-scientists-aren-t-worried.html

 http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/kits/tides/media/supp_tide09b.html

A mix of water, sand and chemicals is pumped at high pressure into the well to create long, narrow cracks or openings in the earth through which gas can escape.The sand particles keep the fissures open, allowing for natural gas to escape from the shale and flow into the well.The gas, along with the waste water, is drawn back up the well to the surface, where it is processed, refined and shipped. Wastewater injection could be behind the increase in the number of quakes recorded in Oklahoma." Fracking, in my mind, is "destabilizing the underlying network of faults". The fact that Oklahoma has 10,000 injection wells helps to prove scientists' theory that fracking is playing a major role in the Oklahoma's increase of earthquakes. However, 1 out of 6 Oklahomans receives a paycheck because of fracking, and it also produces 27% of the state's annual tax revenue. While fracking contributes monetarily to the state and its residents, it also contributes earthquakes and has lead to a new boom in earthquake insurance.

http://www.cnn.com/2014/07/13/us/oklahoma-earthquakes/index.html?iref=storysearch

http://www.weather.com/news/tornado-central/incredible-chicago-derecho-photos-nick-ulivieri-20140701
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/supersonic-earthquake-shook-kamchatka/
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/07/11/supermoon-july-2014-video_n_5578759.html?utm_hp_ref=supermoon
http://www.miamiherald.com/2014/07/09/4227714/loggerhead-sea-turtles-gain-miles.html
http://www.seasky.org/news/sea-news-oceanography.html

What is geology?	http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/supersonic-earthquake-shook-kamchatka/ http://faculty.washington.edu/luanne/pages/ocean420/notes/tidedynamics.pdf  The Spring Tides during full or new moon, sun and earth lined up in straight line Produces the greatest range between high water and low water. Versus the "Neap Tides" During 1st or 3rd quarter moon creates a right angle with the Earth and the sun the range between high and low water in small. Definition Geology is the scientific study of  Earth and other terrestrial bodies, including its compostion history and the process that act upon it. Geoligists use the scientific method in its studies.
Term What is the scientific method?	Definition The scientific method is the process where scientists make observations and measrements that hypothesize what their data and their observations mean in a form of a question that is answerable, and then experiment and or model their data to help answer their hypothesis.
Term What are the key differences between a hypothesis and a theory in science?	Definition Hypothesis asks a question that is answerable; a theory is a well tested vie that is widely accepted by the scientific community that helps explain certain observable facts. Plate tectonic theory for example.
Term What are key differences b/w a a theory and a law in science?	Definition A law or principle explains events in nature with uniformity under ideal condition. These are specific principles that can be explained easily with a mathematical equation. (unlike theories, which are too extensive)
Term Explain the internal processes of the planet. How do these differ from the surficial processes of our planet?	Definition Internal processes stems from the Earth's internal heat. theis internal heat comes from the primodial heat fromed during the creation of the planet and radioactive elements. Plate Tectonics is an example of a process that is run purely on this internal heat engine. Surficial processes are governed by atmospheric processes on the planet, which is driven purely by solar energy.
Term Layers defined by their composition?	Definition CRUST MANTLE CORE
Term Layers defined by their physical properties?	Definition LITHOSPHERE ASTHENOSPHERE MESOSPHERE  OUTER CORE INNER CORE
Term Layers defined by their physical properties and are     also part of the mantle?	Definition LITHOSPHERE ASTHENOSPHERE MESOSPHERE
Term Names of Layers defined by their phisical properties that are : A. Brittle B. Ductile	Definition Britle: Lithosphere Ductile: Asthenosphere, Mesosphere
Term What is the difference between the lithospehere and asthenosphere?	Definition The lithosphere is the topmost layer defined by their physical properties and is brittle. The asthenosphere sits just below the lithosphere and is a ductile solid.
Term What is the difference between the crust and the lithosphere?	Definition The crust is defined by its composition ( felsic & mafic) and the lithosphere is defined by its physical property of being brittle. the lithosphere includes BOTH the crust and the uppermost part of the brittle mantle together. (Note: this is why it would be incorrect to say that the crust and lithosphere are the same layer.
Term What seems to be happening to the magnetic field of the earth?	Definition Scientists discovered that there is a storm breweing     deep within the Earth . The storm is weakening our vital magnetic shield. The magnetic shield is rapidly fading.
Term	Definition
Term Where is the magnetic field of the earth created?	Definition The MF is created deep in the earths core, it streams out near the south pole loops around the planet and then runs back into  the core near the north magnetic pole.
Term What does the MF shield us from?	Definition It protects us against radiation from space and space whether.
Term Ho did mars lose its thick atmosphere? why is this conerning for our panet?	Definition Mars entered a catostrophic decilne . Gradually the oceans and atmosphere of mars mysteriously dissapeared. It was exposed to wind radiation from the sun , therefore suggests that w/o protection from the magnetic field  the earth too is in danger & become a dead planet.
Term What is magnetite?	Definition is an iron based mineral at the microscopic level magnetite contains lots of distinct magnetic region. In all these microscopic magnets all point in different directions.
Term What did gary glatzmaier of u.c. santa cruz discover     when he simulated our earths core of thousands of years using computer technology?	Definition He realized that it was in reverse polarity, the field reversed spontaniously . Whenever it has reversed its polarity /direction it happened when the magnetic intensity was very weak. WHen di pole part was very weak the field reversed.
Term Continental drift	Definition Alfred Wegener set forth his continetal drift hypothesis . One of his major tenets was that pangea began breaking apart about 200 million years ago. The rifted continental fragments then drifted to their present positions. To support his hypothesis wegner used the fit of south america ...
Term Continetal drift ...objections to hypothesis	Definition its inability to provide an acceptable mechanism for     the movement of continents.
Term Plate Tectonics	Definition Replaced Continental drift theory...According to plate tectonics, Earths rigid outer layer (Lithosphere) overlies a weaker region called theasthenosphere. Further, the lithosphere is broken into several large & numerous  smaller segements, called plates, that are in motion & cont. changing is shape & size. Plates move as relatively coherent units & are deformed mainly along their boundaries.
Term Divergent Plate Boundaries (constructive margins)	Definition Where two plates move apart, resulting in upwhelling of hot material from the mantle to create seafloor.Most divergent boundaries occur along the axis of the ocean ridge system & are     associated with seafloor spreading. New divergent boundries may form within a continent , where they may fragment a landmass & develop a new ocean basin
Term Convergent Plate Boundaries (destructive margins)	Definition where two plates move together, resulting in oceanic lithosphere descending beaneath an overriding plate, eventually to be reabsorbed into the mantle possibly in the collision of two continentaa blocks to create a mountain system .
Term Transform Plate Boundary ( conservative margins)	Definition where two plates grind past eachother without the production or destruction of lithosphere. Account for 20%
Term Subduction zones	Definition Convergent boundaries are also called subduction zones, because they are sites where lithosphere is descending( being subducted) into mantle. Subduction occurs b/c density of the descending tectonic plate is greater than the density of the underlying asthenosphere.
Term Oceanic-continental convergence	Definition When continental plate and oceanic plate  converge     . The oceanic plate is more dense due to its composition and subducts underneath the continental plate. The buoyant continental block remains "floating" while the denser oceanic slab sinks into mantle.
Term Oceanic-Oceanic Convergence	Definition Two oceanic plates converge one descends beneath the other, initiating volvanic activity by the same mechanism that operates subduction zones. In process a deep oceanic trench is formed.
Term Continental-Continental Convergence	Definition Two continent meets head-on neither is subducted bc continental rocks are relatively light resist downward motion. RESULT: is formation of new mountain range composed of deformed sedimentary and metamorphic rocks that often contain silvers of oceanic crust.
Term Mid-Ocean Ridges	Definition an underwater mountain range, formed by plate tectonics
Term Alfred Wegener	Definition He suggested that a supercontinent he called Pangaea had existed in the past, broke up starting 200 million years ago, and that the pieces ``drifted'' to their present positions.
Term Harry Hess	Definition Thought the idea that the seafloor itself moves (and     carries the continents with it) as it expands from a central axis
Term mid ocean ridges found in divergent boundary	Definition big mountain range 6,000 -12000 feet above sea floor iceland ex. mid atlantic ridge fissure at the top of ridge allows magma to escape to the surface. shallow earthquakes only earthquakes focus is no deeper than 100km 100km is the thickness of the lithosphere oceanic crust is created here
Term Continetal rifting	Definition occurs where opposing tectonic forces act to pul the     lithosphere apart . modern exampke east african rift.
Term Cause of the December 26, 2004 Quake	Definition Mega Thrust Quake (9.1m), occurred along a subduction zone near Sumatra
Term Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System (Prior to 2004)	Definition No, installed 18 months later
Term Loma Prieta Earthquake	Definition 1989 Earthquake, m7.1, caused by San Andreas Fault
Term San Francisco Earthquake	Definition Due to San Andreas Fault System, Fire further damaged San Francisco
Term Four main ocean Basins (EC)	Definition Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic
Term Evidence Supporting Plate Tectonics	Definition ocean drilling hotspots paleomsgnetism
Term Ocean drilling	Definition Deep sea drilling project of 1983...researchers used     fossils to remains to date seafloor at eachsite. succesor: ocean drilling program  JODIES RESOLUTION allowed for studies of earthquake generating zonesat convergent plate margins & for direct examination of oceanic plateus & seamounts.
Term Hotspots	Definition an area of volcanism high heat flo and crustal uplifting that is a fe hundred kilometers across.
Term When does the clock start for a basalts age? (birthday)	Definition At the time the lava solidified into basalt
Term paleomagnetism	Definition our magnetic shield around the planet. something that protects us from solar winds.
Term absolute motion	Definition analyzes motion (speed&direction) of an indivdual plate
Term Relative motion	Definition analyzes motion b/w two or more plates relative to eachother(requires atleast two plates to calculate)
Term Ocean ocean convergence (Example)	Definition a long narrow linear or gently curving trench, earthquake to depths of several hundred km. and volcanos paralleling the trenches as islands
Term Divergent Boundary (example)	Definition A long linear rise in seafloor, & quakes & volcanic activity found along side ridge
Term Transform Boundary (example)	Definition A land or seafloor region with many quakes with depths that are shallow, not particularly impressive topography & no volcanos
Term Ocean continent convergent boundary (example)	Definition A long narrow linear or gently curving trench earthquakes to depths of several km. & volcanos paralleling the trenches on continents.
Term What is an earthquake?	Definition A sudden release of energy within the brittle lithosphere, that typically occurs along faults.
Term What are earthquake waves?	Definition This is the transport mechanism of the released stored energy during an earthquake.
Term Focus	Definition Exact location along a fault where rupture and slip occur (or begin)
Term Epicenter	Definition Point on the surface that lies directly above the focus or hypocenter
Term wavefronts	Definition body & surface waves being generated from the earthquakes focus.
Term Surface Waves (Types)	Definition Rayleigh Waves- Surface waves that cause the ground to ripple up and down vertically (also known as ground roll)-Strong Enough to knock over clouds Love Waves- Surface waves that cause the ground to ripple back and forth, in a snake-like movement. (Most difficult to civil engineers)
Term body waves...	Definition p waves:  compressional wave- comes through as wave energy travels through the earth it takes the rock , compresses it 7 expands it. 1st to arrive at siesmograph S wave: as energy travels forward, makes rock move up & down & its part of earthquake people tend to feel. middle surface waves: slowest. ALL WAVES generated at same time from focus of     erathquake
Term Which causes more damage during an earthquake Surface or Body waves?	Definition surface waves
Term Earthquake Magnitude  2 popular scales:	Definition estimates amount of energy released at the focus of an earthquake. Right when earth starts to rupture & energy is released that is what is considered magnitude. Local Magnitude Scale:ritcher scale- distance & amplitude... problem data unreliable  at mag. 6.4   Moment Magnitude Scale-dr. thomas hanks, seismic movement calculated directly from fault by using: fault rigidity fault rupture area, fault slipamount not reliable for small magnitude events.
Term Earthquake Intensity	Definition A measure of the degree of shaking at a given locale based on the amount of damage. Scale used: modified mercalli intensity scale.
Term liquification	Definition in areas where unconsolidated materials are saturated with water, earthquake vibrations can turn stable soil into mobile fluid.
Term	Definition
Term	Definition
Term foreshocks & aftershock	Definition Foreshock- earthquake that precedes a major earthquake, identidied as such when larger event happens at same location. Aftershock- adjustments along the fault that follow a major earthquake. Foreshocks & afterschocks each create their own individual body & surface waves.
Term 1838 & 1868 earthquakes	Definition hayward earthquake
Term earthquake prediction Short range Long range	Definition Short Range: Predictions is within days, months, or a year. science cannot do this reliably. Not one prediction methodd has been repeatable Long Range: Prediction over a period of 30 years or more Based on premise that earthquakes are repetitive & cyclical.
Term midwest earthquakes why so dangerous?	Definition northeast aarkansas : 1811 7.7 mag. 7.0 after schock New Madrid Missouri: jan. 1812 7.5 mag.  Feb. 7th 1812 7.7 mag. DEVASTATING: why? whole area luviant no bedrock houses in this area highly populated building codes. events ccold happen again..
Term What happened in Sumatra?	Definition Indian Plate, stuck under Burma plate -M 9.1 -Measurable throughout the world
Term What happened in Haiti?	Definition -Strike-Slip** Jan 12, 2010 -Caribbean and North American plate -M 7.0 ->200,000 deaths -Cholera
Term What happened in Honshu, Japan?	Definition March 11, 2011 -Pacific plate under North American -M 9.0 -Nuclear plants damaged -Tsunami
Term which type of plate boundary can generate dangerous tsunami by motion generated along a fault during an earthquake? why?	Definition Convergent Boundary- subduction zone During the earthquake, the ocean floor is either pushed up or down dropped, which also pushes up or down drops the ocean water column at that location. This generated the tsunami.
Term general causes of tsunamis	Definition underwater earthquake, underwater landslide, underwater volcanic eruption & asteriod impact into water.
Term How fast do tsunami travel across ocean?	Definition 500mph
Term wind waves	Definition produced by wind goes across ocean surface
Term mineral	Definition naturally occuring a homogeneous it is inorganic it possesses an orderly internal structure it has a specific chemical composition
Term	Definition
Term crust	Definition 2 types  continental  oceanic
Term oceanic crust	Definition roughly 7 km (5 miles)  thick & and composed of dark basalt . younger and denser. 180 million yrs old. or less
Term continental crust	Definition 35 km. (22 miles) thick  but may exceed in some mountainous regions such as rocckies and himalayas. Many rocky types.  avarage density of 2.7 g/cm^3 some discovered to be 4 billion yrs old.
Term mantle	Definition more than 82% of earths volume is contained in the     mantle, a solid, rocky shell that extends to a depth of nearly 2900 km.
Term What is the dominnt rock type in the uppermost mantle?	Definition peridotite which is richer in the metals magnesium and iron than minerals found in either continental or oceanic crust
Term extends from the crust mantle boundary down to a depth of about 660 km. It can be divided into to different parts . The top portion of upper mantle is part of the stiff lithosphere, & beneath the weaker asthenosphere.	Definition upper mantle
Term Contains of the entire crust and uppermost mantle & forms Earth's relatively cool, rigid outer shell.  avrg. 100 km in thickness, it is more than 250 km thick below the oldest portions of the continents.	Definition Lithosphere
Term a comparitively weaker layer . The top portion has temperature.pressure regime that results in a small amount of melting.  Uppermost  is weak b/c it is near its melting point,just as hot wax is weaker than cold wax.	Definition Asthenosphere
Term 660 km to the top of the core, at depth 2900 km. Bc     of an increase in pressure (caused by the weight of the rock) the mantle gradually strengthens with depth . despite their strengthh however , the rocks within the lower mantle are very hot & capable of very gradual flow.	Definition Lower mantle
Term thought to be an iron nickel alloy ith minor amounts     of oxygen , silicon, & sulfur-elements that readily form compounds with iron. At the extreme pressure found at the core , this iron rich material has an average density of nearly 11g/cm ^3 & approaches 14 times the density of water at earths center.	Definition
Term liquid layer  2270 km thick . It is the movement of metalic iron within this zone that generates earths magnetic field .	Definition Outer Core
Term Inner core	Definition sphere having a radius of 1226 km . Despite its higher temp. the iron in the inner core is solid due to immense pressures that exist in the center of the planet.
Term Is the layer of the Earth's atmosphere that is directly above the stratosphereand directly below the thermosphere. In the mesosphere temperature decreases with increasing height.	Definition Mesosphere
Term one or more valence electrons are shared between two atoms.	Definition covelant bonds
Term the most common rock forming minerals	Definition The silicates
Term	Definition
Term how many iron cations were you able to dra in for the single tetrahedron ? what does this represent?	Definition olivine 4

http://nebula2.deanza.edu/~bridget/OCEN100/LecSlides/IntroOcenSlides.pdf

http://nebula2.deanza.edu/~bridget/GEOL100/LecSlides/EarthInteriorSlides.pdf

http://nebula2.deanza.edu/~bridget/GEOL100/LecSlides/PlatesSlides.pdf
http://nebula2.deanza.edu/~bridget/OCEN100/LecSlides/MarginsBasinsSlides.pdf
http://video.pbs.org/video/1218652893/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FqT1g2riQ30#t=11
http://video.pbs.org/video/1218652893/

http://www.learner.org/resources/series78.html

http://nebula2.deanza.edu/~bridget/OCEN100/LecSlides/SedimentsSlides.pdf

http://nebula2.deanza.edu/~bridget/OCEN100/LecSlides/WaterSlides.pdf

http://nebula2.deanza.edu/~bridget/OCEN100/LecSlides/AtmCircSlides.pdf

http://nebula2.deanza.edu/~bridget/OCEN100/LecSlides/OcenCircSlides.pdf

http://nebula2.deanza.edu/~bridget/OCEN100/LecSlides/WavesSlides.pdf

http://nebula2.deanza.edu/~bridget/OCEN100/LecSlides/TidesSlides.pdf

http://nebula2.deanza.edu/~bridget/OCEN100/LecSlides/CoastlinesSlides.pdf

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/08/130828092312.htm
http://www.nbcmontana.com/news/scientists-report-yellowstone-supervolcano-bigger-than-previously-thought/26894932
http://www.easyreadernews.com/85554/shark-attack-manhattan-beach-pier/
http://www.livescience.com/7042-ancient-people-kelp-highway-america-researcher.html
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/11/091111092049.htm
GFPs in Action: Immunofluorescence Microscopy of a Chicken tracing anti-GFP antibody
Scientists studying amphioxus expect these kind of tests to soon become 5 times more reliable!
   In nature Amphioxus utilize fluorescence as a sunscreen, natural antioxidant and also for photo-sensing. US Air Force researchers have commented that understanding this brighter form of fluorescence can lead to biotech uses of fluorescence that would have much better "signal to noise" ratios due to the much clearer signals that researchers will be able to observe. Better biotech means more lives saved... All from studying marine invertebrates who spend most of their lives buried in the sand.
Article about the Scripps Oceanographers' July 1st breakthrough:
http://sdnews.com/view/full_story/25373459/article-Scripps-scientists-move-in-on-secrets-behind-animals--natural-glow?
New Research Gives Biotech the "Green Light":
http://www.bioresearchonline.com/doc/new-research-could-give-green-light-to-biotech-advancement-0001
Research Article about Corals that Produce GFPs:
http://www.aslo.org/lo/toc/vol_48/issue_1_part_2/0402.html
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/microplastic-waste-this-massive-tiny-threat-to-sea-life-is-now-in-every-ocean-9602430.html
http://www.nrdc.org/globalWarming/f101.asp?gclid=CNu8kevqu78CFRBhfgod2FUANg
While we know so much more about earthquakes than we did just 30 years ago, we obviously have a lot more to learn about them and this study proves that.  Imagine being able to have the ability to predict earthquakes, do you think it could happen in a generation or two?
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/14/health/14stats.html

http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-supermoon-2014-high-tides-20140711-story.htmlhttp://ice.ucdavis.edu/invasives/home/species
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/07/140710141626.htm
http://homeguides.sfgate.com/ways-reducing-greenhouse-gas-levels-79295.html
http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/04/02/a-lot-of-earthquakes-have-been-reported-lately-but-scientists-aren-t-worried.html
 http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/kits/tides/media/supp_tide09b.html
A mix of water, sand and chemicals is pumped at high pressure into the well to create long, narrow cracks or openings in the earth through which gas can escape.The sand particles keep the fissures open, allowing for natural gas to escape from the shale and flow into the well.The gas, along with the waste water, is drawn back up the well to the surface, where it is processed, refined and shipped. Wastewater injection could be behind the increase in the number of quakes recorded in Oklahoma." Fracking, in my mind, is "destabilizing the underlying network of faults". The fact that Oklahoma has 10,000 injection wells helps to prove scientists' theory that fracking is playing a major role in the Oklahoma's increase of earthquakes. However, 1 out of 6 Oklahomans receives a paycheck because of fracking, and it also produces 27% of the state's annual tax revenue. While fracking contributes monetarily to the state and its residents, it also contributes earthquakes and has lead to a new boom in earthquake insurance.
http://www.cnn.com/2014/07/13/us/oklahoma-earthquakes/index.html?iref=storysearch
http://www.weather.com/news/tornado-central/incredible-chicago-derecho-photos-nick-ulivieri-20140701
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/supersonic-earthquake-shook-kamchatka/
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/07/11/supermoon-july-2014-video_n_5578759.html?utm_hp_ref=supermoon
http://www.miamiherald.com/2014/07/09/4227714/loggerhead-sea-turtles-gain-miles.html

MODULE# 1

3.) A theory is an accumulation of many well-proven and well-accepted hypotheses that together help explain why a phenomenon occurs.

Overall, good work!

That's wonderful that you are close to finishing your degree.  Good for you!  Have fun when you visit the Galapagos Islands.  That's a beautiful location!

1.  Oceanography is the scientific study of the oceans including the ocean itself, the bordering lands, the ocean interface with the atmosphere and its biology. The science draws from several scientific disciplines including Geology, Meteorology, Biology, physics, chemistry, engineering of oceans, and its surroundings.

2.   The scientific method is the orderly process by which theories explaining the operation of the natural world are verified or rejected.  

3.   The key differences between a scientific hypothesis and a scientific theory are that science is systematic process of asking questions about the observable world by gathering and then studying information or data. Science interprets raw information by constructing a general explanation with which the information is compatible. The hypothesis is a speculation about the natural world that can be tested and verified or disproved by further observation and controlled experiments

4.  The key differences between a scientific theory and a scientific law are that theory is a statement that explains the observations. Laws, summarize experiments observations. The theory provides an explanation for the observations, but both can be statements of facts.

5.   The Earth's internal heat source provides the energy for our dynamic planet, supplying it with the driving force for plate-tectonic motion, and for on-going catastrophic events such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. the Earth's history:  extraterrestrial impacts, (gravitational contraction of the Earth's interior, and the radioactive decay of unstable isotopes.

6.  The sun is the source of external energy; decay of radioactive isotopes and gravitational energy from the earth's original formation are sources of internal energy.

Part II - NOVA NOW

Film #1

a.) I choose Scientist Jill Tarter.

b.) this person professionally is an Astronomer and Movie "Star"

c.) Her "secret" Jill was the basis for the character, “Ellie,” in the novel and film versions of Carl Sagan’s “Contact”; she loves Jodie Foster, but is peeved that they got some of the math wrong!

Film #2

a.) I choose, Amy Cuddy

b.)   she is a social Psychologist/ Dancer

c.)  "secret” Amy has been dancing all her life; when forced to choose, she prefers powerful Alvin Ailey type positions over dead swans. 

Part III - Short Summary

My name is Esther Barros Garcia, I was born in Ecuador. I am sure you know more about Ecuador then me. I am looking forward to visit the Galapagos Island. I did leave in Ambato, where one of the volcanos that is active now volcano Tungurahua.  http://www.volcanodiscovery.com/tungurahua/news.html    I moved to San Mateo, California, when I was 14 years old.  Graduated from Aragon high school. The scientist that I choose in Nova resembles my life, she dances to distress, I try to self help with psychology.  I am very close to get my Psychology degree. I work in Palo Alto/Stanford for the past 23 years. I been married 19 years as now, from where I procreate 3 handsome boys.  I am happy to be a full time mom, have a full time job, and I am a part time student at Canada : -)

 Thank you,

Esther Barros Garcia.

Part I – Lecture Questions

1.  Oceanography is the scientific study of the oceans including the ocean itself, the bordering lands, the ocean interface with the atmosphere and its biology. The science draws from several scientific disciplines including Geology, Meteorology, Biology, physics, chemistry, engineering of oceans, and its surroundings.

2.   The scientific method is the orderly process by which theories explaining the operation of the natural world are verified or rejected.  

3.   The key differences between a scientific hypothesis and a scientific theory are that science is systematic process of asking questions about the observable world by gathering and then studying information or data. Science interprets raw information by constructing a general explanation with which the information is compatible. The hypothesis is a speculation about the natural world that can be tested and verified or disproved by further observation and controlled experiments

4.  The key differences between a scientific theory and a scientific law are that theory is a statement that explains the observations. Laws, summarize experiments observations. The theory provides an explanation for the observations, but both can be statements of facts.

5.   The Earth's internal heat source provides the energy for our dynamic planet, supplying it with the driving force for plate-tectonic motion, and for on-going catastrophic events such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. the Earth's history:  extraterrestrial impacts, (gravitational contraction of the Earth's interior, and the radioactive decay of unstable isotopes.

6.  The sun is the source of external energy; decay of radioactive isotopes and gravitational energy from the earth's original formation are sources of internal energy.

Part II - NOVA NOW

Film #1

a.) I choose Scientist Jill Tarter.

b.) this person professionally is an Astronomer and Movie "Star"

c.) Her "secret" Jill was the basis for the character, “Ellie,” in the novel and film versions of Carl Sagan’s “Contact”; she loves Jodie Foster, but is peeved that they got some of the math wrong!

Film #2

a.) I choose, Amy Cuddy

b.)   she is a social Psychologist/ Dancer

c.)  "secret” Amy has been dancing all her life; when forced to choose, she prefers powerful Alvin Ailey type positions over dead swans.

Part III - Short Summary

My name is Esther Barros Garcia, I was born in Ecuador. I am sure you know more about Ecuador then me. I am looking forward to visit the Galapagos Island. I did leave in Ambato, where one of the volcanos that is active now volcano Tungurahua.  http://www.volcanodiscovery.com/tungurahua/news.html    I moved to San Mateo, California, when I was 14 years old.  Graduated from Aragon high school. The scientist that I choose in Nova resembles my life, she dances to distress, I try to self help with psychology.  I am very close to get my Psychology degree. I work in Palo Alto/Stanford for the past 23 years. I been married 19 years as now, from where I procreate 3 handsome boys.  I am happy to be a full time mom, have a full time job, and I am a part time student at Canada : -)

 Thank you,

Esther Barros Garcia.

  MODULE # 2.

 Overall, good work!

               

1.)   Each layer that geologists fine by composition is CRUST, MANTLE, and CORE. Crust.

2.)    The layer that geologist define by physical properties are, lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesosphere, outer core and inner core.

3.)    Brittle, Ductile (definition brittle) lithosphere ductile, asthenosphere, and Menospher are layers defined by their physical properties and are part of the mantle. The continental and oceanic crust the uppermost cool and brittle part of the mantle. Part I - Name the correct layer... .  Just lithosphere (lower part), asthenosphere, and mesosphere.

4.)    The Lithosphere layer is considered brittle solids.

5.)     The Mesosphere and Asthenosphere layers are considered ductile solids inner core.

6.)     The Outer Core layers are considered liquid, and the only liquid in the planet.

Part II  Short answer essay. (#’s 7 and 8)

 the lithosphere versus the asthenosphere. Is that lithosphere is the topmost layer defined by their physical properties and is brittle. The asthenosphere sits just below the lithosphere and is a ductile solid. The lithosphere is defined by its physical property of being brittle. The lithosphere includes both the crust and the uppermost part of the brittle mantel together. Base of the lithosphere, the asthenosphere, and mesosphere are all ultramafic and therefore are all a part of the mentle. It is hot, ductile, and slowly flowing solid, moves independently of the lithosphere. Moves very slowly compared to the clay example. The difference between the crust and the lithosphere is that the crust is defined by its composition and the lithosphere is defined by its physical properties. .) The crust and the lithosphere include both the crust also together. Lithosphere Earths cool, rigid brittle outer layer. Includes both Continental and oceanic crust the uppermost cool and brittle part of the mantle. The lithosphere does not equal the crust. These two layers are defined differently and occupy different (but overlapping) spaces in Earth’s interior.

MODULE # 3

           

Part I - Definitions: Give a definition for each boundary.   write a detailed enough definition to distinguish each type of convergent boundary.

1.) Transform Boundary, literally slide by one another, and where two plates grind past each other without the production or  destruction of lithosphere. Volcanic activity is also not common along this boundary

2.) Continent-Continent Convergent Boundary, Two plates bearing continental crust can also converge, no active subduction; Because both plates are of approximately equal density, neither plate  edge is being subducted, instead both are compressed, folded, and uplifted, to from the mountains. Formation of new mountain range composed of deformed sedimentary and metamorphic rocks that often contain silvers of oceanic crust. (collide).

3.) Continent-Ocean Convergent Boundary, When continental plate and oceanic plate  converge . The oceanic plate is more dense due to its composition and subducts underneath the continental plate. The buoyant continental block remains "floating" while the denser oceanic slab sinks into mantle. Subduction occurs Because density of the descending tectonic plate is greater than the density of the underlying asthenosphere.

4.) Ocean-Ocean Convergent Boundary, is a subduction zones. Two oceanic plates converge one descends beneath the other, initiating volcanic activity by the same mechanism that operates subduction zones.

In process a deep oceanic trench is formed.

5.) Divergent Boundary, two plates move apart from each other. resulting in upwhelling of hot material from the mantle to create sea floor. Most divergent boundaries occur along the axis of the ocean ridge system and are associated with seafloor spreading. New divergent boundries may form within a continent and where they may fragment a landmass and can develop a new ocean basin.

Part II - Name the Boundary:  According to plate tectonics, Earths rigid outer layer (Lithosphere) overlies a weaker region called the asthenosphere. Plates move as relatively coherent units & are deformed mainly along their boundaries.

6.) Ocean ocean convergence  a long, narrow linear or gently curving deep trench, earthquakes to depths of several hundred kilometers, and volcanoes paralleling the trenches as islands.

7.) Ocean continent convergent boundary  a long, narrow linear or gently curving deep trench, earthquakes to depths of several hundred kilometers, and volcanoes paralleling the trenches on continents.

8.) Divergent Boundary a long, linear rise in the sea-floor with earthquakes and volcanic activity found along its ridge.

9.) Transform Boundary a land or seafloor region with many quakes right along the boundary line.  Depth of the earthquakes are shallow and the topography is not impressive (no real large mountains or valleys).  Volcanic activity is also not common along this boundary

Part III - Relative Plate Motion : In the figure above you are looking down on three lithospheric plates.  The darker plates (Plates 1 and 2) are moving in the direction indicated by the white arrows.  Plate 3 is stationary (not moving).  Assume that plates 1 & 2 are denser than plate 3. Thinking of relative plate motions, write the appropriate letter(s) down (from the map) next to the possible tectonic feature listed below.  More than one letter can be used for the same feature, so list as many as are applicable.  If there is not a letter that represents a feature below, then write "none".  Also note that not all letters may be useable as an answer.

10. B only

11. A only

12. D only

13. C only

14.  A, B, C only

15.  D only

16.  A only

10.  Transform Plate Boundary  (D)  no collision. Transform motion, relative plate motion literally slide by one another, and where two plates grind past each other without the production or  destruction of lithosphere. Volcanic activity is also not common along this boundary.

11.  Convergent Plate Boundary  ( C)  Plate two is running into the plate Stationary one. Is a  subduction zone features is on the boundrary.

12.  Island or Continental Volcanic Arc is  B   Because is off the boundary, and transform Boundary.

13.  Divergent Boundary  none

14.  Shallow Focus Earthquakes is( C & D )  Is related to plate motion, it happen at the plate boundary.

15.  Deep Focus Earthquakes  is (B)  Because of subduction zones features.

16.  Ocean Trench is (C)   Ocean Trench always falls in the subduction zone, is on the boundary.

 A and E = NONE no plate boundary for this letters, because are sitting in the middle of the plate, has no factor.

Module  #4

Lecture/Movie Review:

3.) The rise sits as a wedge of sediment at the base of the continental slope.  The continental slope is the geological edge of the continent that is steep and devoid of sediment.  The continental shelf  is a relatively flat region that sits right at the interface between land and sea.

4.) Continents via streams 

Instructions: Please go to the website: http://www.learner.org/resources/series78.html

1.) Oceans cover 70 % of the earth's surface.

2.) the  type of rock that the ocean floor  is made of basalt rock.

3.)  the difference between the continental shelf, slope and rise are below the slope is the continental rise, which finally merges into the deep ocean floor, the abyssal plain. The continental shelf and the slope are part of the continental margin. The continental slopes begin at the shelf break and plunge downward to the great depths of the ocean basin proper. 

4.) the sediment that makes up the continental rise come from The continental rise is an underwater feature found between the continental slope and the abyssal plain. This feature can be found all around the world, and it represents the final stage in the boundary between continents and the deepest part of the ocean.

5.) an abyssal plain is an underwater plain on the deep ocean floor, usually found at depths between 3000 and 6000 m. Lying generally between the foot of a continental rise and a mid-ocean ridge, abyssal plains cover more than 50% of the Earth's surface.

6.) The rock get older as you move away from a mid-ocean ridge, because the rocks are formed at the spreading ridge itself. this happens when the magma from the asthenosphere rise and cools while attaching itself to the ends of the spreading plates. the further the rocks from the spreading ridge, the older the rocks are.

7.) Scientists know that new lithosphere is constantly being created at the mid-ocean ridges.  However, the Earth is not getting larger in size.  This means that lithosphere is getting recycled elsewhere.    the older lithosphere going  eventually subducted in the oceanic trenches at the continental margins. Since the earth is not creating any new matter, the earth can't get larger without becoming less dense.

Lecture Review List and define the different types of sediments classified by source.  Which of these are more abundant?  Least abundant?
MODULE  #5

Terrigenous sediment - sediment that comes from land and can be caused by erosion, volcanic eruptions, and dust blown by the wind. Biogenous sediment - sediment caused by life processes (organic) that includes both calcareous and siliceous oozes.  Hydrogenous sediment - sediment that is precipitated directly from seawater.  This type of sediment includes manganese nodules, phosphorite nodules, and evaporite nodules.  Cosmogenous sediment - sediment that comes from space and includes dust from space and meteorite debris.  Often includes tektite spheres that form from the force of a meteor impacting the Earth. The most abundant type of sediment is terrigenous and the least abundant is cosmogenous.

5.) Type of hydrogenous sediment important in the production of steel.

7.) A

8.) D

10.) E

11.) B

If you have any questions after seeing the answers for the last part, let me know!

1.  Sand and Gravel: building material these dominate most shorelines. Very fine sediments dominate the deep ocean basin.

Hydrogenous Sediment: precipitated sediment directly from seawater

· Manganese nodules common in Pacific 500 billion tones exist on ocean floor alone. Slightly flattened rough spheres 5 to 10 cm in dimener.

· Phosphorite nodules = Accociated with high organic productivity. Carbonate phosphates are common. Intermediate to shallow ocean depths. It is  associated with oxygen minimum zone.

· Evaporite deposits = precipitate form evaporating water found at long arm extensions of oceans. Salts, halite (table salt) gypsum.

Phosphorite and Sulfur = fertilizers for crops

Coal and Oil and Gas. = still a very important part of our future world and the economy the resource is found offshore on the continents themselves both near the costline and away from it.

COSMOGENOUS Sediments = The smallest source of Sediment. Dust from space. Meteorite debris. Tektite spheres.

2.   Neritic sediments different from pelagic sediments Neritic sediment = Mostly sand and gravel grain sizes (high energy) Meamsajority of this sediment terrigenous carried by streams. Once in ocean, waves distribute sediment. Larger grains stay close to shore were waves energy can carry them. Smaller particles get carried to the deeper ocean.

Pelagic Sediment = Sediments of the deep ocean floor. Mostly clay grain sizes (low energy). Clays very little or no biogenic material. Most terrigenous sediment. Rate of deposition – 1 mm per 1000 years.

3.   oozes are clays that contain at least 30% biogenous material. Reasons for more ooze in the deep sea. Less terrigenous sediment in deep ocean. Accumulates ore quickly than clay. 1-6 mm for every 1000 years. 

 What are the two types found on the ocean floor?  Siliceous Ooze and Calcareous Ooze

4.  the Calcium Carbonate Compensation Depth (CCD )= The rate at which calcareous sediments supplied to the seabed equals the rate at which those sediments dissolve at 4500 meters.

How does it affect ooze deposition at great depths. Calcium Carbonate dissolves High pressure. High acidity of water at that depth and below. Mid ocean ridges typically are above 4500 m depth. Ridges are therefore capped with calcium Carbonate Oozes. Deep ocean basins are mostly siliceous oozes.

5.   manganese nodules Polymetallic nodules, also called manganese nodules, are rock concretions on the sea bottom formed of concentric layers of iron and manganese hydroxides around a core. It is  important Those of greatest economic interest contain manganese (27-30%), nickel (1.25-1.5 %), copper (1-1.4 %) and cobalt (0.2-0.25 %). Other constituents include iron (6%), silicon (5%) and aluminium (3%), with lesser amounts of calcium, sodium, magnesium, potassium, titanium and barium, along with hydrogen and oxygen.

6.  Subduction zones in convergent boundaries push sediments into the mantle which is where they are destroyed 

MODULE #6

4.  Heat results from thermal energy also by a change in phase (latent heat).

6.  Negative oxygen in water attracts the positive sodium in salt.  Positive hydrogen in water attracts the negative chlorine in salt.  Salt then gets pulled apart by the water.

7.  Water's heat capacity is caused by it taking a lot of heat energy to weaken the large quantity of hydrogen bonds between water molecules.

1.  Microscopic scale is internal energy.

2.  "internal kinetic energy" motion of molecules. The higher the temperature, the greater the kinetic energy. Breaking and bonding atoms together happens at a particular temperature for a substance.

3.  "Internal potential energy: Molecular attractive forces. The stored energy that allows for the eventual breaking and bonding of atoms.

4.  the difference between "thermal energy" and "heat" is that thermal energy is an internal energy produced by the random vibration of atoms or molecules. Heat results from the thermal energy by a difference in temperature  or sensible heat.

5.  In ionic bonding, one or more valence electrons are transferred from one atom to another.  By atomic number = number of protons = number of electrons. Sodium loses and electron, become cation + charge. Chlorine gains an electron, becoming an anion – charge. Atoms are oppositely charged and therefore attracted to one another.

6.  Vertical motions of sea water, equator warm water and less salty water due to high rainfall amounts, less dense water. Halocline: density change due to dissolved salt. Increase in salt increase density. Thermocline: density change due to temperature. Colder temperatures increase density.

7.  Water has the capacity to cool you off on a hot day because it didn’t heat up as fast as the air and land around you. How much sunlight is absorbed by H₂ O molecules.

8.  "Pycnocline a zone of density change in the ocean column. Two types of Pycnocline. Thermocline and Halocline.

 Density increases with depth for the two types of Pycnocline.

 Thermocline: density change due to temperature. Colder temperature increase density. Halocline: density change due to dissolved salt

MODULE #7

7. No.  We are not located within the tropics, which is the only location the direct sunlight happens at.  The earth is not tilted enough for SF to receive the direct sunlight.

9. ...and Friction

12.  Warm air rises buoyantly here, which puts less pressure on the surface as a result.

13.  Polar easterlies and westerlies converge here, which forces the air to rise, and puts less pressure on the surface as a result.

With answers:

Lecture Review:

1.   The sun rays spread angels is the primary reason for the global distribution of surface  

2.   Tropic of Capricorn

3.   Tropic of Cancer

4.   The Equator

5.   Equator

6.   False (Because only receive sun rays a couple minutes at the time.

7.  the Sun's rays ever make 90-degree angles to the Earth's surface in San Francisco, in June 21^st -22^nd  (Solstice)

8.   Pressure Gradient Force

9.   Coriolis Force

10.   Trade Winds

11.   Westerlies

Surface low pressure exists at the equator and at 60 degrees north and south latitude, latitude in each hemisphere, the air has taken up enough heat and moisture to ascend.

12.  low pressure zone  at 0 degrees.

13.  Coriolis effect on wind direction at 60-degrees north and south latitude

MODULE  #8

3.) ~60 degrees south latitude

5.) Counterclockwise in Southern Hemisphere

1)    The Trade Winds (southeast/ South Hemisphere, or northeast/North Hemisphere) drive westward flowing Equatorial currents

2)    At higher latitudes (30-60), the prevailing Westerlies push the currents back across the ocean basins in the opposite direction

3         the gyres oceanic  has one latitude and  no continental barriers. The horizontal circulation cells in all the major oceans basins are called gyres. 

4        Ocen gyres are centered around 30 degrees latitude in the major ocean basins,

5        The gyres flow in the Northern Hemisphere. and rotate clockwise .

6        Warm surface currents, moving currents on the western sides of ocean basins carry warm water toward higher latitudes  Poleward

7        Cool surface currents, moving currents on the eastern sides of ocean basins carry cool water toward lower latitudes

8        the speed is fast in  the surface current near Tokyo, Japan. 

Module homework #9

.  Subduction

3.  30 km or ~18.5 miles

4.  Seismic waves themselves never produce tsunami.  It is the ocean floor physically moving up (or down) and displacing the water with that movement that generates the tsunami.

6.  So long as the plates continue to move, and subduction continues to occur, we should expect this event again.

9.  Thankfully, we will be spared from a tsunami as devastating as Sumatra here in California, because the subduction zone doesn't extend off our coast except for the very far northern portion of it.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q5x6a5kAke0#t=680

1.   Crust is divided into giant wraps up rock called tectonic plates

2.  Thirty (30 )magnitude 8 earthquakes does it take to equal the energy release for a magnitude 9 earthquake according to the film.

3.  How deep under the earth's surface was this particular earthquake according to the film?

4.  when the Tsunami  happens it  tear apart the floor of the Indian Ocean in the earth's crust is divided into giant wraps up rock called tectonic plates the new the plates are always on the move way when they collide enormous amounts of strain buildup where the plates Greiner past each other mirth quakes occurred on is pushing the subduction which  it's been doing this for forty million years. December 26 something snapped the indo-australian plate is SWAT Kats ducking beneath Indonesia tits lying beneath the plate that injured Indonesia situated on that interface has what's called sticks lip frictional properties and that means a drag the upper plate down with it and it pulls pulled down and deforms ever played build up strength energy eventually the stress on my contact  exceeds the strength of the contact and the upper plate snaps back into position the earth is 155 miles from the Indonesian island of Sumatra the new the rupture the  foot but a cheat or in the earth's crust about 1200 kilometers long the Catmull played showdown over the oceanic played by about 10 to 20 meters most to the motion was horizontal but some was vertical because the plate boundary the airport is inclined most of the energy travels perpendicular to the strike at the subduction zone so it more or less when

he squints towards Sri Lanka.

5.  There were about 250,000 casualties on December, 2004  according to the film

6.    film, the risk of a tsunami hitting the west coast of North America the risk in the pacific northwest is severe really that there's really no difference at all between the Pacific Northwest and Sumatra are like sumatra two tectonic plates converge just off the coastal Oregon and Washington in a place known as the Cascadia subduction zone.

7.   an earthquake occurs under the ocean.

the water whether shockwave turns into a tsunami

depends on when  in the earth's crust the earthquake takes place the seafloor changes,

the water column above the sea floor in some parts go up and some parts go down seconds later

 8.  an earthquake occurs under the ocean

9.  A part of the continental U.S. faces the same high risk for a large 9.0+ magnitude earthquake and tsunami as Sumatra.  the west coast of North America the risk in the pacific northwest is severe really that there's really no difference at all between the Pacific Northwest and Sumatra. I know it will affect mainly California.  This is a matter of time.

Module homework #10

 http://www.tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/index.html

http://www.tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/index.html

Part I

1.      Tides are the regular rise and fall of the sea. Tides are caused by the gravitational force of the moon and sun and the motion of earth. There are three forces. Inertia, Gravity and Traction.

2.  According to the proposed by Pierre-Simon Laplace a century later in 1775. The Dynamic Theory of Tides Adds to the equilibrium theory to take into account: The speed of the long-wavelength tide wave in relatively shallow water. The presence of interfering continents, the circular movement, or rhythmic back-and-forth rocking of water in ocean basins.

3.  The Spring Tides during full or new moon, sun and earth lined up in straight line Produces the greatest range between high water and low water. Versus the "Neap Tides"

During 1^st or 3^rd quarter moon creates a right angle with the Earth and the sun the range between high and low water in small.

4.   A diurnal tide represents one high and one low tide per day.

5.   A semidiurnal tide IS twice occurring high and low tide sequences.

High and low, tides are both at the same level.

6.  A semidiurnal mixed tide represents combination of diurnal and semidiurnal tides patterns. Each high tide reaches different heights. Each low tide falls to different levels.

7.  Semidiurnal Mixed Tide.

Part II

Instructions:  Go to the website:  http://www.tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/index.html

Once there, scroll down the page and then click on the link called "Tides and Currents" map.  A color-coded map of the United States will appear.  Click on "California" on this map.  This will zoom the map in so that we can see California better.  In addition, tidal stations are now shown.  On the left side of the screen, you will see a slide bar that will allow you to zoom in further.  Zoom in so that you see the San Francisco Bay Area in more detail.  From here, you can explore the tides for the entire Bay Area, for both the coastal regions and the San Francisco Bay itself.  There are no questions for you to answer in this Part II.  I just wanted you to explore this valuable free resource that may come in handy for you someday.

Module #11

http://nebula2.deanza.edu/~bridget/OCEN100/LecSlides/IntroOcenSlides.pdf

http://nebula2.deanza.edu/~bridget/GEOL100/LecSlides/EarthInteriorSlides.pdf

http://nebula2.deanza.edu/~bridget/GEOL100/LecSlides/PlatesSlides.pdf

http://nebula2.deanza.edu/~bridget/OCEN100/LecSlides/MarginsBasinsSlides.pdf

http://video.pbs.org/video/1218652893/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FqT1g2riQ30#t=11

http://video.pbs.org/video/1218652893/

http://www.learner.org/resources/series78.html

http://nebula2.deanza.edu/~bridget/OCEN100/LecSlides/SedimentsSlides.pdf

http://nebula2.deanza.edu/~bridget/OCEN100/LecSlides/WaterSlides.pdf

http://nebula2.deanza.edu/~bridget/OCEN100/LecSlides/AtmCircSlides.pdf

http://nebula2.deanza.edu/~bridget/OCEN100/LecSlides/OcenCircSlides.pdf

http://nebula2.deanza.edu/~bridget/OCEN100/LecSlides/WavesSlides.pdf

http://nebula2.deanza.edu/~bridget/OCEN100/LecSlides/TidesSlides.pdf

http://nebula2.deanza.edu/~bridget/OCEN100/LecSlides/CoastlinesSlides.pdf

Typhoons consists of a very fast spiral of air, spinning counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere, with low atmospheric pressure in the eye, thunder, lightning, high winds and heavy rain with the storm. They occur over warm water, far enough from the equator for the Coriolis force to have an effect. All these conditions exist and are common in the Pacific Ocean to the southeast of Japan. 

http://www.businessinsider.com/typhoon-described-as-a-once-in-decades-storm-is-barelling-towards-japan-2014-7

://www.flickr.com/groups/cakingtides/

http://www.emagazine.com/daily-news/the-arctic-oceans-pollution-problem

http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/aboutcc/problems/impacts/coral_reefs/

Huisman Equipment

Scientific American article on new Titan wave confirmations discovery:

http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/lake-on-saturn-s-largest-moon-may-have-waves/

Waves detected on Titan by the BBC:

http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-26622586

http://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2014/

http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/advances-june-2014-additional-resources/

Kidney Stones, a Phone that Lies, Waves on Titan and More in Scientific American's June Issue

http://www.carc.org/pubs/v18no3/1.htm

http://news.discovery.com/earth/weather-extreme-events/a-huge-alaska-quake-could-devestate-california-140630.htm

This succeeding links will take you to a publication from the USGS regarding the SAFRR project that created a plausible tsunami scenario of a 9.1 earthquake occuring offshore of the Alaska peninsula. 

http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2013/3081/pdf/fs2013-3081.pdf

http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2013/3081/

http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0047819

 http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0047819

Greenhouse gases cause global warming, which is caused from human activities, climate change, and life adapts. The atmosphere through a build up of greenhouse gases are primary Carbon Dioxide, Methane and Nitrous Oxide.  Fossil fuels power the world economics and is consider cleaner and less toxic than green gases. Natural oil, coal and gasoline these help contribute to high risk for cancer, other diseases and it endangers our ecosystems. The world's energy demand is Carbon Dioxide, but it has consequences that lead to death. People need more education to help them learn about how we can change the world's atmosphere to be cleaner and safer and reduce heat-retained gases that put others at risk for cancer and diseases.

Fish from acidic ocean waters less able tosmell predators 

I learned a lot about olafaction (how fish smell stuff) and nares (fish nostrils). Sensory pads in the nairs pick up chemical signals, they transmit them to the fish’s forebrain, which interprets the signal and incites the fish to respond appropriately. If the chemicals signal food, the fish will pursue the food. Or, if the chemicals signal danger, it’ll flee. But fish use chemical cues in all sorts of ways. For instance, if a large group of fishes release a chemical when they’re wounded, that would incite other fish to flee. And then there are salmon. They are known for a superb sense of smell that enables them to sense the stream where they were born, so that they may return to it to spawn.

The climate change issues are definitely important in many ways!

the temperatures only go to -51 F. Even though that's already way below freezing, Antarctica has hit as low as -135 F, so I thought the bottom of the ocean would be lower. It will be intriguing to see where they decide to test this, because water might be more pure in some areas than others. 

This video has been going around on the internet. I wonder if it's the same type of concept?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sQdLttUh_b0

http://www.learner.org/resources/series78.html

1.) Oceans cover 70 % of the earth's surface.

2.) the  type of rock that the ocean floor  is made of basalt rock.

3.)  the difference between the continental shelf, slope and rise are below the slope is the continental rise, which finally merges into the deep ocean floor, the abyssal plain. The continental shelf and the slope are part of the continental margin. The continental slopes begin at the shelf break and plunge downward to the great depths of the ocean basin proper.

4.) the sediment that makes up the continental rise come from The continental rise is an underwater feature found between the continental slope and the abyssal plain. This feature can be found all around the world, and it represents the final stage in the boundary between continents and the deepest part of the ocean.

5.) an abyssal plain is an underwater plain on the deep ocean floor, usually found at depths between 3000 and 6000 m. Lying generally between the foot of a continental rise and a mid-ocean ridge, abyssal plains cover more than 50% of the Earth's surface.

6.) The rock get older as you move away from a mid-ocean ridge, because the rocks are formed at the spreading ridge itself. this happens when the magma from the asthenosphere rise and cools while attaching itself to the ends of the spreading plates. the further the rocks from the spreading ridge, the older the rocks are.

7.) Scientists know that new lithosphere is constantly being created at the mid-ocean ridges.  However, the Earth is not getting larger in size.  This means that lithosphere is getting recycled elsewhere.    the older lithosphere going  eventually subducted in the oceanic trenches at the continental margins. Since the earth is not creating any new matter, the earth can't get larger without becoming less dense. 

Part I - Definitions:

Instructions: Give a definition for each boundary.   write a detailed enough definition to distinguish each type of convergent boundary.

1.) Transform Boundary: Literally slide by one another.

2.) Continent-Continent Convergent Boundary: (COLLIDE) no active subduction. Two plates bearing continental crust can also converge. Because both plates are of approximately equal density, neither plate  edge is being subducted, instead both are compressed, folded, and uplifted, to from the mountains. So formation of new mountain range composed of deformed sedimentary and metamorphic rocks that often contain silvers of oceanic crust.

3.) Continent-Ocean Convergent Boundary: subduction zones.  Because they are sites where lithosphere is descending being subducted into mantle. Subduction occurs Because density of the descending tectonic plate is greater than the density of the underlying asthenosphere.

4.) Ocean-Ocean Convergent Boundary: subduction zones. Two oceanic plates converge one descends beneath the other, initiating volvanic activity by the same mechanism that operates subduction zones.

In process a deep oceanic trench is formed.

5.) Divergent Boundary: (MOVE APART) Two plates move apart from each other. resulting in upwhelling of hot material from the mantle to create sea floor. Most divergent boundaries occur along the axis of the ocean ridge system & are associated with seafloor spreading. New divergent boundries may form within a continent , where they may fragment a landmass & develop a new ocean basin.

Part II - Name the Boundary  Instructions:  What kind of plate tectonic boundary (Your choices are what you defined above) would you expect to find in a region listed below?

6.) A long, narrow linear or gently curving deep trench, earthquakes to depths of several hundred kilometers, and volcanoes paralleling the trenches as islands = Ocean ocean convergence.

7.) A long, narrow linear or gently curving deep trench, earthquakes to depths of several hundred kilometers, and volcanoes paralleling the trenches on continents = Ocean continent convergent boundary.

8.) A long, linear rise in the sea-floor with earthquakes and volcanic activity found along its ridge = Divergent Boundary.

9.) A land or seafloor region with many quakes right along the boundary line.  Depth of the earthquakes are shallow and the topography is not impressive (no real large mountains or valleys).  Volcanic activity is also not common along this boundary = Transform Boundary.

Part III - Relative Plate Motion : instructions:  In the figure above you are looking down on three lithospheric plates.  The darker plates (Plates 1 and 2) are moving in the direction indicated by the white arrows.  Plate 3 is stationary (not moving).  Assume that plates 1 & 2 are denser than plate 3. Thinking of relative plate motions, write the appropriate letter(s) down (from the map) next to the possible tectonic feature listed below.  More than one letter can be used for the same feature, so list as many as are applicable.  If there is not a letter that represents a feature below, then write "none".  Also note that not all letters may be useable as an answer.

10.  Transform Plate Boundary =  D no collision. Transform motion, relative plate motion and therefore is transform motion.

11.  Convergent Plate Boundary = C plate 2 is running into the plate Stationary 1. Is a  subduction zone features. Is on the boundrary.

12.  Island or Continental Volcanic Arc = B  because is off the boundary, and transform Boundary.

13.  Divergent Boundary = none

14.  Shallow Focus Earthquakes = C & D  related to plate motion. It happen at the plate boundary.

15.  Deep Focus Earthquakes = B because of subduction zones features.

16.  Ocean Trench = C  always falls in the subduction zone, Is on the boundary.

 A and E = NONE no plate boundary for this letters, because are sitting in the middle of the plate, has no factor.

Lecture/Movie Review:

Instructions: Please go to the website: http://www.learner.org/resources/series78.html

1.) Oceans cover 70 % of the earth's surface.

2.) the  type of rock that the ocean floor  is made of basalt rock.

3.)  the difference between the continental shelf, slope and rise are below the slope is the continental rise, which finally merges into the deep ocean floor, the abyssal plain. The continental shelf and the slope are part of the continental margin. The continental slopes begin at the shelf break and plunge downward to the great depths of the ocean basin proper. 

4.) the sediment that makes up the continental rise come from The continental rise is an underwater feature found between the continental slope and the abyssal plain. This feature can be found all around the world, and it represents the final stage in the boundary between continents and the deepest part of the ocean.

5.) an abyssal plain is an underwater plain on the deep ocean floor, usually found at depths between 3000 and 6000 m. Lying generally between the foot of a continental rise and a mid-ocean ridge, abyssal plains cover more than 50% of the Earth's surface.

6.) The rock get older as you move away from a mid-ocean ridge, because the rocks are formed at the spreading ridge itself. this happens when the magma from the asthenosphere rise and cools while attaching itself to the ends of the spreading plates. the further the rocks from the spreading ridge, the older the rocks are.

7.) Scientists know that new lithosphere is constantly being created at the mid-ocean ridges.  However, the Earth is not getting larger in size.  This means that lithosphere is getting recycled elsewhere.    the older lithosphere going  eventually subducted in the oceanic trenches at the continental margins. Since the earth is not creating any new matter, the earth can't get larger without becoming less dense.

Lecture Review List and define the different types of sediments classified by source.  Which of these are more abundant?  Least abundant?

1.  Sand and Gravel = building material these dominate most shorelines. Very fine sediments dominate the deep ocean basin.

Hydrogenous Sediment: precipitated sediment directly from seawater 

· Manganese nodules common in Pacific 500 billion tones exist on ocean floor alone. Slightly flattened rough spheres 5 to 10 cm in dimener.

· Phosphorite nodules = Accociated with high organic productivity. Carbonate phosphates are common. Intermediate to shallow ocean depths. It is  associated with oxygen minimum zone.

· Evaporite deposits = precipitate form evaporating water found at long arm extensions of oceans. Salts, halite (table salt) gypsum.

Phosphorite and Sulfur = fertilizers for crops

Coal and Oil and Gas. = still a very important part of our future world and the economy the resource is found offshore on the continents themselves both near the costline and away from it.

COSMOGENOUS Sediments = The smallest source of Sediment. Dust from space. Meteorite debris. Tektite spheres.

2.   Neritic sediments different from pelagic sediments Neritic sediment = Mostly sand and gravel grain sizes (high energy) Meamsajority of this sediment terrigenous carried by streams. Once in ocean, waves distribute sediment. Larger grains stay close to shore were waves energy can carry them. Smaller particles get carried to the deeper ocean.

Pelagic Sediment = Sediments of the deep ocean floor. Mostly clay grain sizes (low energy). Clays very little or no biogenic material. Most terrigenous sediment. Rate of deposition – 1 mm per 1000 years.

3.   oozes are clays that contain at least 30% biogenous material. Reasons for more ooze in the deep sea. Less terrigenous sediment in deep ocean. Accumulates ore quickly than clay. 1-6 mm for every 1000 years.  

 What are the two types found on the ocean floor?  Siliceous Ooze and Calcareous Ooze

4.  the Calcium Carbonate Compensation Depth (CCD )= The rate at which calcareous sediments supplied to the seabed equals the rate at which those sediments dissolve at 4500 meters.

How does it affect ooze deposition at great depths. Calcium Carbonate dissolves High pressure. High acidity of water at that depth and below. Mid ocean ridges typically are above 4500 m depth. Ridges are therefore capped with calcium Carbonate Oozes. Deep ocean basins are mostly siliceous oozes.

5.   manganese nodules Polymetallic nodules, also called manganese nodules, are rock concretions on the sea bottom formed of concentric layers of iron and manganese hydroxides around a core. It is  important Those of greatest economic interest contain manganese (27-30%), nickel (1.25-1.5 %), copper (1-1.4 %) and cobalt (0.2-0.25 %). Other constituents include iron (6%), silicon (5%) and aluminium (3%), with lesser amounts of calcium, sodium, magnesium, potassium, titanium and barium, along with hydrogen and oxygen.

6.  Subduction zones in convergent boundaries push sediments into the mantle which is where they are destroyed  

http://www.vanityfair.com/society/2013/08/end-of-malibu-nantucket-erosion.

http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/mangroves.html

http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/deadly-underwater-volcano-caribbean-us-tsunami/story?id=23717506

http://www.calema.ca.gov/PlanningandPreparedness/Pages/Earthquake-Preparedness.aspx

http://www.mbari.org/news/news_releases/2013/feast&famine/feast&famine-release.html

http://oceanfocus.org/focus-areas/threatened-habitats/mangroves/ 

www.popsci.com June 2014 issue

http://www.brynmawr.edu/geology/geomorph/beachnourishmentinfo.html

http://thewatchers.adorraeli.com/2012/09/19/solar-storms-and-mass-animal-deaths-the-connection/

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/tech/saving-venice.html

http://news.discovery.com/earth/venice-sinking-120326.htm

http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/20/science/space/scientists-debate-gravity-wave-detection-claim.html?module=Search&mabReward=relbias%3Ar&_r=0

http://www.seafoodwatch.org/

http://www.mbari.org/about/

 http://www. com/26201space -neemo-space-tech-missions.html

http://www.bcdc.ca.gov/dredging/ltms/ltms_program.shtml

http://www.tsunami.noaa.gov/

http://news.uscourts.gov/eastern-district-new-york-looks-mediators-expedite-sandy-cases

 http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/06/140624-global-ocean-commission-report-high-seas-fishing-environment/

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/environment/5208645/Drowning-in-plastic-The-Great-Pacific-Garbage-Patch-is-twice-the-size-of-France.html

http://www.earthsci.org/education/teacher/basicgeol/tsumami/tsunami.html

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pHkWdhl4jS4 

Gaslandthemovie.com

More analysis about the Fukushima Crisis:

http://e360.yale.edu/feature/anatomy_of_a_nuclear_crisis_a_chronology_of_fukushima/2385/

California Scientists look into Pacific Ocean radiation levels:

http://www.globalresearch.ca/fukushima-radioactivity-in-the-pacific-ocean-diluted-but-far-from-harmless/5360752

Russian Scientists Analyze Fukushima

http://enenews.com/russian-experts-fukushima-pollution-spreads-all-over-earth-clearly-a-large-amount-of-fish-seaweeds-and-everything-in-ocean-has-been-polluted-these-products-are-the-main-danger-for-mankind-as-th

http://www.propublica.org/article/feds-link-water-contamination-to-fracking-for-first-time

http://gizmodo.com/335509/wave-farming-for-power-is-going-commercial-in-california

Here is a study on wave farm ecological impact on shoreline and sea sediment at England's Wave Farm: 2013

http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs12237-013-9634-z

http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/12/1206_041206_global_warming.html

More News about Oregon's Wave Farm,

http://www.alternative-energy-news.info/wave-power-farm-sets-sail/

Short You Tube Video Explaining How Wave Power Works

http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=F0mzrbfzUpM

Scotland has become a world leader in Marine Based Energy

http://www.alternative-energy-news.info/wave-power-scotland/

Portugal has an impressive Wave Farm

http://www.alternative-energy-news.info/agucadoura-generating-power-1500-homes/

http://www.boem.gov/Renewable-Energy-Program/Renewable-Energy-Guide/Ocean-Current-Energy.aspx

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/energy/renewableenergy/3535012/Ocean-currents-can-power-the-world-say-scientists.html

http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/jul/02/caribbean-coral-reef-lost-fishing-pollution-report

Bloomberg Article: Land Based Tuna Farms may be the Future of Aquaculture

http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-01-08/farm-raised-tuna-may-not-be-the-answer-to-overfishing

Hawaiian Tuna Farmers receive critical patents on new technology

http://www.thefishsite.com/fishnews/20584/hawaii-company-receives-patent-for-tuna-aquaculture-technology

NPR: Clean, Green Fish Factories

http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2014/04/07/298333029/the-future-of-clean-green-fish-farming-could-be-indoor-factories

WorldWatch Institute Study: Aquaculture to Feed the World

http://www.worldwatch.org/node/5883

World Bank: Fish Farming and the 2030 Global Fish Food Supply

http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2014/02/05/fish-farms-global-food-fish-supply-2030

PETA: The Downsides of Aquaculture

http://www.peta.org/issues/animals-used-for-food/factory-farming/fish/aquafarming/

http://rt.com/news/169564-ocean-surface-covered-plastic/

http://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-ocean-plastic-patch-missing-20140701-story.html

http://www.sciencedaily.com/videos/a75b6cf5c7be5dba47dd9ab64f2d4f29.htm

http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-26553115

http://www.underwatersculpture.com/projects/mexico/

http://news.discovery.com/earth/global-warming/air-conditioning-actually-makes-phoenix-hotter-140609.htm

It’s true that there is a lot of conflicting information out there. But when it comes to the scientific community that has studied the issue, there really isn’t any conflict – the broad consensus among scientists who have looked closely at GM crops is that they are as safe as any other crop.

When considering and comparing scientific data, there are several things we take into account:

• Is the study designed and executed well and according to accepted methods?
• Is it in alignment with other data on the same topic?
• Do the results make scientific/biological sense?
• Is the scope of the conclusions supported by the data?
• What is the opinion of credible scientific organizations such as regulatory agencies, AMA, National Academy of Sciences?

There is a large body of documented scientific testing showing that the GM crops being grown and harvested are safe (Center for Environmental Risk Assessment). These studies focus on the wholesomeness and nutritional value of GM crops and upon the safety of the specific varieties used. 

http://www.nova.edu/ocean/news/articles/
http://marinesciencetoday.com/tag/marine-biology-current-events/
http://www.whoi.edu/main/po/highlights-events

http://oceanography.alltop.com/
http://www.macroevolution.net/marine-biology-current-events.html

http://ocean.nationalgeographic.com/ocean/news-updates/
http://www.seasky.org/news/sea-news-oceanography.html
http://www.sciencedaily.com/news/earth_climate/oceanography/

http://books.google.com/books?id=lJjSVBL0qAMC&pg=PA118&lpg=PA118&dq=wilson+donde+estas&source=bl&ots=2VLL63ZREH&sig=l9ju-a-Wa0Sir8PAofCtFIFbTkg&hl=en&sa=X&ei=tQujU5aCBeqb8AHE5IGoDA#v=onepage&q=wilson%20donde%20estas&f=false

http://www.scientificamerican.com/topic/oceanography/

Part I – Lecture Questions

1.  Oceanography is the scientific study of the oceans including the ocean itself, the bordering lands, the ocean interface with the atmosphere and its biology. The science draws from several scientific disciplines including Geology, Meteorology, Biology, physics, chemistry, engineering of oceans, and its surroundings.

2.   The scientific method is the orderly process by which theories explaining the operation of the natural world are verified or rejected.  

3.   The key differences between a scientific hypothesis and a scientific theory are that science is systematic process of asking questions about the observable world by gathering and then studying information or data. Science interprets raw information by constructing a general explanation with which the information is compatible. The hypothesis is a speculation about the natural world that can be tested and verified or disproved by further observation and controlled experiments

4.  The key differences between a scientific theory and a scientific law are that theory is a statement that explains the observations. Laws, summarize experiments observations. The theory provides an explanation for the observations, but both can be statements of facts.

5.   The Earth's internal heat source provides the energy for our dynamic planet, supplying it with the driving force for plate-tectonic motion, and for on-going catastrophic events such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. the Earth's history:  extraterrestrial impacts, (gravitational contraction of the Earth's interior, and the radioactive decay of unstable isotopes.

6.  The sun is the source of external energy; decay of radioactive isotopes and gravitational energy from the earth's original formation are sources of internal energy.

Part II - NOVA NOW

Film #1

a.) I choose Scientist Jill Tarter.

b.) this person professionally is an Astronomer and Movie "Star"

c.) Her "secret" Jill was the basis for the character, “Ellie,” in the novel and film versions of Carl Sagan’s “Contact”; she loves Jodie Foster, but is peeved that they got some of the math wrong!

Film #2

a.) I choose, Amy Cuddy

b.)   she is a social Psychologist/ Dancer

c.)  "secret” Amy has been dancing all her life; when forced to choose, she prefers powerful Alvin Ailey type positions over dead swans. 

Part III - Short Summary

My name is Esther Barros Garcia, I was born in Ecuador. I am sure you know more about Ecuador then me. I am looking forward to visit the Galapagos Island. I did leave in Ambato, where one of the volcanos that is active now volcano Tungurahua.  http://www.volcanodiscovery.com/tungurahua/news.html    I moved to San Mateo, California, when I was 14 years old.  Graduated from Aragon high school. The scientist that I choose in Nova resembles my life, she dances to distress, I try to self help with psychology.  I am very close to get my Psychology degree. I work in Palo Alto/Stanford for the past 23 years. I been married 19 years as now, from where I procreate 3 handsome boys.  I am happy to be a full time mom, have a full time job, and I am a part time student at Canada : -)

 Thank you,

Esther Barros Garcia.

http://www.nbcbayarea.com/news/local/Kayaker-Survives-Great-White-Shark-Attack-at-Pacifica-Beach-213088511.html


“Volcanologists refer to Hawaii's volcanic eruptions as "quiet" eruptions because gases escape slowly instead of building up and exploding violently all at once. Hawaii's eruptions produce slow-moving, oozing lava that provides excellent, safe viewing most of the time.
Even so, the volcano has still caused its share of destruction. Since the current eruption of Kilauea began on January 3, 1983, lava has covered some 16,000 acres of lowland and rainforest, threatening rare hawks, honeycreeper birds, spiders, and bats, while destroying power and telephone lines and eliminating water service possibly forever. Some areas have been mantled repeatedly and are now buried underneath 80 feet of lava. At last count, the lava flow had destroyed nearly 200 homes and businesses, wiped out Kaimu Black Sand Beach (once Hawaii's most photographed beach) and Queen's Bath, obliterated entire towns and subdivisions (Kalapana, Royal Gardens, Kalapana Gardens, and Kapaahu Homesteads), and buried natural and historic landmarks (a 12th-c. heiau, the century-old Kalapana Mauna Kea Church, Wahaulu Visitor Center, and thousands of archaeological artifacts and sites). The cost of the destruction -- so far -- is estimated at $100 million. But how do you price the destruction of a 700-year-old temple or a 100-year-old church?
However, Kilauea hasn't just destroyed parts of the island; it has also added to it -- more than 560 acres of new land. The volume of erupted lava over the last 2 decades measures nearly 2 billion cubic yards -- enough new rock to pave a two-lane highway 1.2 million miles long, circling the earth some 50 times. Or, as a spokesperson for the park puts it: "Every 5 days, there is enough lava coming out of Kilauea volcano's eruption to place a thin veneer over Washington, D.C. -- all 63 square miles."
The most prominent vent of the eruption has been Puu Oo, a 760-foot-high cinder-and-spatter cone. The most recent flow -- the one you'll be able to see, if you're lucky -- follows a 7-mile-long tube from the Puu Oo vent area to the sea. This lava flow has extended the Big Island's shoreline seaward and added hundreds of acres of new land along the steep southern slopes. Periodically, the new land proves unstable, falls under its own weight, and slides into the ocean. (These areas of ground gained and lost are not included in the tally of new acreage -- only the land that sticks counts.)
Scientists are also keeping an eye on Mauna Loa, which has been swelling since its last eruption in 1984. If there's a new eruption, there could be a fast-moving flow down the southwest side of the island, possibly into South Kona or Kau.”

http://www.fitday.com<http://www.fitday.com>
http://www.mypyramid.gov
http://www.lifeclinic.com
http://www.nutrawatch.com<http://www.nutrawatch.com>
http://www.nutridiary.com
http://www.nat.uiuc.edu
http://www.nutritiondata.com

http://www.frommers.com/destinations/hawaii-the-big-island/793929#sthash.TYJeoEbE.dpbs%23ixzz37xHWzk8G

http://www.discovery.com/tv-shows/discovery-presents/videos/understanding-volcanoes-active-volcanoes-stink.htm

dule 1 Activity	3.) A theory is an accumulation of many well-proven and well-accepted hypotheses that together help explain why a phenomenon occurs. Overall, good work! That's wonderful that you are close to finishing your degree. Good for you! Have fun when you visit the Galapagos Islands. That's a beautiful location!
Module 2 Activity	3. Just lithosphere (lower part), asthenosphere, and mesosphere. Overall, good work!
Module 3 Activity	10. B only 11. A only 12. D only 13. C only 14. A, B, C only 15. D only 16. A only
Module 4 Activity	3.) The rise sits as a wedge of sediment at the base of the continental slope. The continental slope is the geological edge of the continent that is steep and devoid of sediment. The continental shelf is a relatively flat region that sits right at the interface between land and sea. 4.) Continents via streams
Module 5 Activity	1.) Terrigenous sediment - sediment that comes from land and can be caused by erosion, volcanic eruptions, and dust blown by the wind. Biogenous sediment - sediment caused by life processes (organic) that includes both calcareous and siliceous oozes. Hydrogenous sediment - sediment that is precipitated directly from seawater. This type of sediment includes manganese nodules, phosphorite nodules, and evaporite nodules. Cosmogenous sediment - sediment that comes from space and includes dust from space and meteorite debris. Often includes tektite spheres that form from the force of a meteor impacting the Earth. The most abundant type of sediment is terrigenous and the least abundant is cosmogenous. 5.) Type of hydrogenous sediment important in the production of steel. 7.) A 8.) D 10.) E 11.) B If you have any questions after seeing the answers for the last part, let me know!
Module 6 Activity	4. Heat results from thermal energy also by a change in phase (latent heat). 6. Negative oxygen in water attracts the positive sodium in salt. Positive hydrogen in water attracts the negative chlorine in salt. Salt then gets pulled apart by the water. 7. Water's heat capacity is caused by it taking a lot of heat energy to weaken the large quantity of hydrogen bonds between water molecules.
Module 7 Activity	7. No. We are not located within the tropics, which is the only location the direct sunlight happens at. The earth is not tilted enough for SF to receive the direct sunlight. 9. ...and Friction 12. Warm air rises buoyantly here, which puts less pressure on the surface as a result. 13. Polar easterlies and westerlies converge here, which forces the air to rise, and puts less pressure on the surface as a result.
Module 8 Activity	3.) ~60 degrees south latitude 5.) Counterclockwise in Southern Hemisphere
Module 9 Activity	1. Subduction 3. 30 km or ~18.5 miles 4. Seismic waves themselves never produce tsunami. It is the ocean floor physically moving up (or down) and displacing the water with that movement that generates the tsunami. 6. So long as the plates continue to move, and subduction continues to occur, we should expect this event again. 9. Thankfully, we will be spared from a tsunami as devastating as Sumatra here in California, because the subduction zone doesn't extend off our coast except for the very far northern portion of it.
Module 10 Activity	Good work!
Module 11 Activity	1.) Longshore current 2.) Originates from Sierra-Nevada mountains 3.) Travels to coastline via Streams 6.) Longshore current http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/invertebrates/portuguese-man-of-war/?rptregcta=reg_free_np&rptregcampaign=20131016_rw_membership_n1p_us_se_w# http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Physalia_physalis/ http://www.scientificamerican.com/topic/oceanography/ http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/oceanographer.html Ocean Facts An oceanographer studies the ocean Several thousand marine scientists are busy at work in the United States dealing with a diversity of important issues — from climate change, declining fisheries, and eroding coastlines, to the development of new drugs from marine resources and the invention of new technologies to explore the sea. Oceanography covers a wide range of topics, including marine life and ecosystems, ocean circulation, plate tectonics and the geology of the sea floor, and the chemical and physical properties of the ocean. Just as there are many specialties within the medical field, there are many disciplines within oceanography. Biological oceanographers and marine biologists study plants and animals in the marine environment. They are interested in the numbers of marine organisms and how these organisms develop, relate to one another, adapt to their environment, and interact with it. To accomplish their work, they may use field observations, computer models, or laboratory and field experiments. Chemical oceanographers and marine chemists study the composition of seawater, its processes and cycles, and the chemical interaction of seawater with the atmosphere and sea floor. Their work may include analysis of seawater components, the effects of pollutants, and the impacts of chemical processes on marine organisms. They may also use chemistry to understand how ocean currents move seawater around the globe and how the ocean affects climate or to identify potentially beneficial ocean resources such as natural products that can be used as medicines. Geological oceanographers and marine geologists explore the ocean floor and the processes that form its mountains, canyons, and valleys. Through sampling, they look at millions of years of history of sea-floor spreading, plate tectonics, and oceanic circulation and climates. They also examine volcanic processes, mantle circulation, hydrothermal circulation, magma genesis, and crustal formation. The results of their work help us understand the processes that created the ocean basins and the interactions between the ocean and the sea floor. Physical oceanographers study the physical conditions and physical processes within the ocean such as waves, currents, eddies, gyres and tides; the transport of sand on and off beaches; coastal erosion; and the interactions of the atmosphere and the ocean. They examine deep currents, the ocean-atmosphere relationship that influences weather and climate, the transmission of light and sound through water, and the ocean's interactions with its boundaries at the sea floor and the coast. All of these fields are intertwined, and thus all oceanographers must have a keen understanding of biology, chemistry, geology, and physics to unravel the mysteries of the world ocean and to understand processes within it. For more information: NOAA Ocean Explorer: OceanAGE Careers MarineCareers.net NOAA Sites National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Environmental Satellite, Data & Information Service National Marine Fisheries Service National Weather Service NOAA Research NOAA Library NOAAWatch NOAA Careers NOAA Staff Directory NOS Program Offices Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science NOAA Coastal Services Center National Geodetic Survey Office of Coast Survey Office of National Marine Sanctuaries Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management Office of Response and Restoration NOS Headquarters For NOS Employees Equal Employment Opportunity and Diversity Programs Integrated Ocean Observing System Program Management and Budget Office Site Links Site Map Acknowledgments Information Quality Freedom of Information Act Privacy Policy

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/07/140715142656.htm

http://www.nist.gov/mml/csd/turtle-071514.cfm

http://www.bionomicfuel.com/top-10-energy-conservation-ideas/

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140611143733.htm

https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=Kx08H49_NWY